海洋环流模式对平流方案与分辨率的敏感性

文中将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG）发展的准全球海洋环流模式（LICOM）,从水平分辨率、垂直分辨率、平流方案3个方面分别采用不同的方案,进行组合试验,研究这些因素对于海洋环流（特别是热带海洋）的重要影响。8组试验表明,水平分辨率的提高,对于流场的改进有显著作用,能够使流场达到与实际非常接近的强度;调整的垂直分辨率,上层海洋的加密,能够使热带太平洋上层海洋的模拟改进;引入的两步保形平流方案,能够使得热带太平洋海温的模拟有所改进,这种改进的效果在低分辨率的情况下,尤为明显。同时,8组试验也一致地表现出等温线的密集程度比实际情况稀疏,这反映了模式在物理过程,特别是混合过程的描述方面,还有值得改进的地方。     

铁、氮、磷、维生素B1和B12对海洋原甲藻的生长效应

４因子，２水平（铁为４水平）正交试验表明：络合铁和硝态氮对海洋原甲藻的生长有极显著的促进作用（Ｐ＜０．０１），维生不Ｂ１，Ｂ１２混合液有显著促进作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。络合铁和硝态氮为大鹏湾浮游植物生长的营养限制因了。而磷酸盐的作用不显著。     

南水北调西线一期工程调水区径流量与影响因子关系分析——以达曲为例

以达曲为例,利用朱倭站1961~1996年的水文资料及东谷站的降水量资料,分析南水北调西线一期工程调水区径流量与影响因子的关系,结果表明:年平均气温呈上升趋势,其线性变率为0.24℃/10 a,36年共上升了0.864℃,以20世纪80年代以后上升趋势更为显著;年蒸发量呈增加趋势,其线性变率为+2.78 mm/10 a;年平均降水量及春、冬及非汛期降水逐年增加,其中年平均降水气候倾向率达+5.2 mm/10 a;调水区达曲的年平均径流及春、秋、汛期、非汛期流量呈逐年增加趋势,其中以春季和非汛期尤为明显。虽然气温升高、蒸发量增大,但这不是影响径流的直接因素,其增量还不足以抵消降水对径流的增加,降水是影响调水区径流量多少的主要气候因子。     

云南金平亚拉寨镍矿矿石组份及其综合利用

亚拉寨镍矿属岩浆熔离型与晚期岩浆结晶分异型复合的硫化物矿床。矿体赋存于基性～超基性杂岩体底部,有用元素镍平均0.44ω%,伴生铜、钴等。对矿石组份及其赋存状态研究后,提出综合利用建议。     

EU emissions trading and the cement sector: a spatial competition analysis

An oligopoly competition model is described and used to illustrate the potential effect of EU emissions trading and transport issues on the production decisions and profitability of cement producers in a typical western European country market. The role of geography is introduced from three viewpoints: the existence of regional markets, the fact that EU producers may operate multiple plants across these regions, and the possibility of production capacity constraints. A typical EU state is divided into a coastal region which is initially exposed to international competition, and an inland region which is initially protected. Assuming pure auctioning of EU Allowances and a range of CO₂ prices up to €50/t, our model predicts a large increase of imports into the coastal region. Consequences for the inland producers include reduced attractiveness of the coastal market, as well as increased competition from coastal producers and from non-EU imports. The model includes a number of simplifications and therefore does not claim to offer definitive predictions, but our results do suggest that an increase in non-EU imports could feasibly offset more than 70% of the decrease in EU cement sector emissions. The likely impact on producer profits is considered for each region, and the advantages and disadvantages of potential mitigating policy measures are reviewed for either the EU Allowance allocation process or border adjustments on cement products.     

GRAPES的积云对流参数化方案性能评估及其改进试验

利用GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)单柱模式(Single Column Model,SCM),采用GCSS WG4第三次个例资料,对BMJ、SAS和KFeta三种积云参数化方案进行了数值试验和诊断分析,得到如下结论:BMJ和KFeta方案都能较好地模拟出与观测相符的降水,而SAS则相对较差;BMJ方案在对流层中高层位温误差较小,低层偏冷严重,同时该方案具有较强的水汽向上输送能力,易造成低层偏干,中高层偏湿,因此其调整的大气层结过于稳定;KFeta方案倾向于造成低层偏冷偏湿,但低层偏冷幅度相对于其他方案较小,在对流层高层则由于对流穿透过强导致严重偏冷.针对KFeta方案对流穿透过强的问题,本文提出了一种新的对其垂直速度方程进行修改的方案,并且考察了Anderson等提出的修改流出层方案.数值试验表明,这两种修改都能有效地减小高层冷误差;综合来看,本文提出的修改方案的预报效果更令人满意.     

Exploring socio-hydrological determinants of crop yield in under-performing irrigation schemes: pathways for sustainable intensification

ABSTRACT

Understanding the human–water–food–climate nexus is central to achieving sustainable intensification (SI) in agriculture. This research uses a socio-hydrological approach to understand the underpinning for implementing SI in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan, by integrating vegetation indices derived from remote sensing, ancillary, gridded soil and precipitation data, supplemented by interviews with 393 farmers. The productivity gap was estimated as the difference between the potential and actual productivities. Based upon data on farmers’ socio-economic status and field practices, a regression tree model was built to determine the factors that control the sorghum yield. The model revealed that the financial status of farmers and access to water are the most influential factors on sorghum yield. A conceptual framework that elucidates SI and its bi-directional feedback to the environment, society and the economy is proposed. Implementing SI in the scheme has implications on water and food security in Sudan and beyond its borders.     

不同边界层参数化方案对江苏地区一次平流雾过程的模拟影响

边界层参数化方案的选取在平流雾的预报准确度上起着决定性的作用。本文利用WRF模式对2013年3月18~19日发生在江苏地区的一次平流雾过程进行数值模拟试验,对耦合不同闭合方式边界层参数化方案的试验结果与实测气象数据进行对比分析,评估了他们对此次平流雾的模拟效果,探讨了边界层高度对此次平流雾的生成和发展的影响。研究结果表明:（1）耦合不同边界层方案的WRF模式对地面气象要素的模拟结果均呈现气温偏低、湿度和风速偏大的特征。（2）QNSE方案对气温的模拟能力最强;ACM2方案对相对湿度的模拟性能最好;YSU方案对风速的模拟效果最佳。不同边界层方案的模拟结果在垂直方向上的差别主要表现在低空相对湿度上:QNSE方案预报的湿度更大。（3）综合TS（Threat Score）和BS（Bias Score）两个评分指标来看,ACM2方案对雾区分布的模拟效果最好。三个边界层方案对此次平流雾的模拟结果在江苏沿海站点的预报评分较高,在距海较远站点的预报评分表现较差。YSU方案对东南沿海地区的雾区预报评分较高;QNSE方案对长江沿江区域的雾区预报评分较高;ACM2方案对沿海地区、尤其对沿海北部地区的有较好的预报效果。（4）QNSE方案对此次平流雾的生成时间、出现地点预报比较准确。（5）平流雾的生成与发展阶段模拟雾区覆盖范围与边界层高度关系十分紧密,适当强度的湍流混合作用有助于平流雾在地面的生成与发展;但是过强的湍流混合作用会导致大雾过早的消散。     

模式低空急流结构与水汽输送精度的数值试验

本文所使用的中尺度模式ＭＭ４改进了水汽平流的计算精度，引入了Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ和Ｂｏｔｔ两种高精度正定闰流差分格式。首先探讨了仅考虑模式平流过程的情况下不同平流差分格式的误差特征对模式结果的可能影响。结果显示：ＭＭ４中原有的水汽平流差分格式在水汽梯度较大处产生水汽负值，而引入搞精度格式能正确模拟水汽为分布的特征，对不同精度的水汽平流分格式作了数值试验，不同格式下模式的低突急流结构有较明显差别，水汽输送