黑河实验地区大气浑浊度的初步分析

本文利用１９９１年黑河实验观测期内ＭＳ－１２０型太阳光度表的观测资料，计算分析了该地区临泽，张掖和沙漠三个观测站的大气浑浊度，进而对该地区大气浑浊度的日变化、月际变化，出现频数分布等特征及其影响因子进行了讨论。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游下段沙地植被研究

沙地植被主要有沙地高山松林、巨柏疏林、砂生槐群系和固沙草群系。砂生槐＋多花亚菊群落是本区沙地植被演替的顶极群落，高山松林疏林可能会成为本区人为演替顶极群落，风沙活动是影响本区植被演替的主导因子，半固定沙区仅生长砂生槐灌丛阶段是沙地植被正逆向演替的临界状态。砂生槐和高山松在沙地具有天然更新能力和生长快的特点。     

吉兰泰盐湖沙害综合治理

吉兰泰盐场１９８３年开始运用生物、工程等各项综合沙漠治理技术措施，在流沙危害严重地区建立防护林体系，总结出了适地适树，片状、带状配置，形成乔、灌、草有机结合的防护林带。并对人工林采取喷灌措施提高造林成活率和促进林木及林下植被生长；此外，还配合工程固沙措施修筑１×１ｍ￣２、１×２ｍ￣２网格状粘土沙障提高防风沙效果。     

Behaviour of beach profiles during accretion and erosion dominated periods

Beach profiles have been surveyed at monthly intervals between 1972 and 1988 at Moruya on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Four profile sites have been used as a data set to provide an understanding of changes to beach volume, width, and shape. Moruya beach represents a moderately high energy, microtidal environment, which responds in a dramatic way to major storm events such as those experienced in the mid-1970s. This study distinguishes between profile characteristics associated with such a period (erosion-dominated or EDP) compared with periods when accretion dominated (ADP) accompanied by foredune expansion in both height and width.     

Dynamic compaction properties of bentonite-based materials

Dynamic compaction tests of bentonite-based materials (BBMs) with 100, 70 and 50% bentonite contents have been performed using five powdery bentonites with different physicochemical properties to establish the simplified evaluation method for dynamic compaction properties of BBMs. For a given bentonite content and a total compaction energy condition, the maximum dry density, ρ_dmax, and the optimum water content, w_opt, which are well-known indexes of compaction properties, for BBMs were determined according to the type of bentonite used for BBMs. For evaluation of those values of BBMs derived in this study, the plastic limit of BBM, w_pbbm, was defined as the plastic limit that was measured using the sample pulverized to a maximum grain size of less than 425 μm in the case of BBM with sand having a maximum grain size of more than 425 μm and was measured using the powdery bentonite itself in the case of BBM without sand. This study proposed equations for evaluating ρ_dmax and w_opt of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content under the total compaction energy conditions of 551–2755 kN-m/m³ using w_pbbm. Finally, we related the equations derived in this study to the equation for evaluating hydraulic properties of compacted BBMs proposed in previous work and proposed the preparation method of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content for constructing BBM buffer by in-situ compaction method.     

长江口北支兴隆沙XL2孔沉积物的磁性特征

通过对兴隆沙XL2孔沉积物磁性特征研究,发现该地区沉积物的磁性矿物以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主。按磁化率χ等磁参数曲线的变化特征将XL2孔划分出4个磁性层,同时对比沉积物的粒度特征和微古分析结果,探讨了长江口北支兴隆沙沉积环境的演化过程,以及沉积物磁性特征与沉积环境的关系。     

Efficacy of Cement-stabilized Fly Ash Cushion in Arresting Heave of Expansive Soils

Expansive clays swell and shrink seasonally when subjected to changes in the moisture regime causing substantial distress to the structures built in them. Techniques like sand cushion and cohesive non-swelling soil (CNS) layer have been tried to arrest heave and consequent damages to structures. Sand cushion has been proved to be counter-productive. Studies have indicated that even though CNS layer was effective initially, it became less effective after the first cycle of swelling and shrinkage. Research carried out by the authors, using cement-stabilized fly ash as a cushioning material, has shown that it was quite effective in arresting heave. Fly ash cushion, stabilized with 10% cement with thickness equal to that of the expansive soil bed reduces heave by about 75% in the first instance. With subsequent swell-shrink cycles, the performance further improves, unlike in the case of a black cotton soil provided with a CNS cushion. At the end of fourth cycle of swelling, the reduction in the amount of heave is as high as 99.1%.     

华南老红砂沉积年代学及其环境意义：以福建青峰老红砂为例

对福建海坛岛青峰老红砂进行了系统的光释光测年研究,结合已发表的相关测年数据,在统一的时间标尺上探讨了老红砂发育过程及其与海平面变化和东亚季风变化之间的关系。结果表明：① QFS剖面沉积年龄为110~33 ka,起始发育年龄延伸到了末次间冰期。主要涵盖了MIS5c~MIS3阶段,其中存在4个快速堆积期。结合已发表的年代学数据进行综合分析,认为前人得出的老红砂发育在末次冰期以来的结论需要得到修正。② 华南老红砂发育过程与区域海平面变化密切相关。在末次间冰期和末次冰期均有发育,高海面（>-50 m）或较高海面（-50~-70 m）时期是老红砂普遍发育期。区域地壳运动叠加海平面变化造成闽南和闽东北老红砂的沉积差异：海退过程中的较高海面时期北部先发生快速堆积;海侵过程中的较高海面时期南部先发生快速堆积。LGM（海平面<-70 m）期,老红砂不发育。③ 老红砂在冰期-间冰期尺度上的沉积速率体现了源区气候和海平面变化对老红砂物源输送的双重制约。     

Vertical profiles of aeolian sand mass flux

Vertical profiles of the horizontal mass flux of blown sand are investigated experimentally using a passive vertical array in a wind tunnel. Considering lower sampling efficiency of the sand trap in the near-bed region, this investigation is complemented by the measurements of the longitudinal profiles of mass flux made using a horizontal sand trap. The experiments were conducted with two test sands and five different stream velocities.In the upper part of the vertical profile, the measured data exhibit an exponential decay distribution with a positive deviation occurring in the near-bed region. The measured longitudinal profiles are similar to the measured vertical profiles. Linking both profiles and the modes of sand transport, it is possible that saltating sand grains give rise to the well-known exponential decay distribution of mass flux, and that creeping and reptating grains force a deviation from it. A simple equation applicable for both the vertical and the longitudinal sand mass flux variations is introduced and the parameters are estimated from experimental data.     

Benchmarking analogue models of brittle thrust wedges

We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate the variability among analogue models and to appraise the reproducibility and limits of model interpretation. Fifteen analogue modeling laboratories participated in this benchmark initiative. Each laboratory received a shipment of the same type of quartz and corundum sand and all laboratories adhered to a stringent model building protocol and used the same type of foil to cover base and sidewalls of the sandbox. Sieve structure, sifting height, filling rate, and details on off-scraping of excess sand followed prescribed procedures.Our analogue benchmark shows that even for simple plane-strain experiments with prescribed stringent model construction techniques, quantitative model results show variability, most notably for surface slope, thrust spacing and number of forward and backthrusts. One of the sources of the variability in model results is related to slight variations in how sand is deposited in the sandbox. Small changes in sifting height, sifting rate, and scraping will result in slightly heterogeneous material bulk densities, which will affect the mechanical properties of the sand, and will result in lateral and vertical differences in peak and boundary friction angles, as well as cohesion values once the model is constructed. Initial variations in basal friction are inferred to play the most important role in causing model variability.Our comparison shows that the human factor plays a decisive role, and even when one modeler repeats the same experiment, quantitative model results still show variability. Our observations highlight the limits of up-scaling quantitative analogue model results to nature or for making comparisons with numerical models. The frictional behavior of sand is highly sensitive to small variations in material state or experimental set-up, and hence, it will remain difficult to scale quantitative results such as number of thrusts, thrust spacing, and pop-up width from model to nature.