峰高与峰面积统计量表示岩心黏土矿物相对含量的差异

目前黏土矿物分析主要依据XRD衍射峰的峰高或峰面积统计量,为了分析两种统计量计算黏土矿物相对含量的差异。对取自黄海的YSZD02岩心短柱开展了黏土矿物XRD测试,分别利用峰高和峰面积表示4种主要黏土矿物蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石的相对百分含量,探究两种统计量表示黏土矿物相对含量随深度变化的差异,结果发现两算法都能显示黏土矿物的相对组成特征,对YSZD02岩心而言,其黏土矿物主要为伊利石,其次为高岭石,再次为绿泥石,最次为蒙皂石。两种算法得到的4种矿物的相关系数由高到低依次为:高岭石0.94,绿泥石0.93,蒙皂石0.82,伊利石0.73,呈正相关。峰面积法求4种矿物的相对含量随深度变化的离散程度比峰高法大。用峰高、峰面积法表示黏土矿物相对含量随深度的变化,两种方法相对差异由小到大依次为伊利石,高岭石,绿泥石和蒙皂石。以上结果表明两种算法既有共性又有明显的差异。随着分析技术的不断更新,相较于峰高法较难解决的误差问题,未来峰面积法会得到更广泛的应用。因此研发更精确的计算机分析软件、统一研究方法将是未来发展的必然趋势。本文的研究加深了对峰高与峰面积统计量的理解,为其他分析方法的比较与选择提供了参考。     

From stay to play – A travel planning tool based on crowdsourcing user-generated contents

Conventional ways of trip planning using online reviews from multiple sources are often cumbersome and uncustomizable. The advance in information and communication technology (ICT) and the surge in user-generated contents (UGC) provide great opportunities to facilitate trip planning. This paper proposes a travel-planning tool by crowdsourcing multiple UGCs to provide customized information for tourists. We harvested hotel customer reviews from TripAdvisor, photo information from Flickr, and travel costs between destinations from Uber. First, we used geospatial data mining approaches to extract tourism attractions information from Flickr; identified multi-facet characteristics of hotels with natural language processing (NLP); and provided travel route recommendations with graph analysis. Second, we developed a web-based interface to let users communicate with the system interactively, which provides integrated recommendations including attractions, hotels, and visit route sequences. Two cities in the United States (i.e. Atlanta and Chicago) were used as cases to illustrate our approaches. The proposed travel planning tool is not only beneficial to support customized travel decision-making, but also supportive for hotel managers with strategic management implications.     

Effects of Coal Gangue Content on Water Movement and Solute Transport in a China Loess Plateau Soil

The mining industry has grown strongly in China in recent decades, resulting in large amounts of coal gangues, which cause water and soil pollution, soil erosion, and various other environmental problems. They are often used in reclamation projects in attempts to restore land damaged by mining, hence they are frequently present (in widely varying proportions) in the topsoil in areas around mines. Their presence can strongly affect key soil variables, including its bulk density, structure, water retention, water movement, and solute transport rates. In the study presented here, the effects of gangue contents on infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and solute transport parameters of a Chinese Loess plateau soil were examined. The results show that infiltration rates and saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing gangue content. The Peck–Watson equation modeled these relationships well, but Bouwer–Rice equations provided poorer matches with the acquired data. Cumulative infiltration over time was described well by both the Philip equation and Kostiakov equation. Both the simplified convection–dispersion equation and a two‐region model described the solute transport processes well. In addition, the dispersion increased, while both the Peclet number and mobile water fraction decreased, with increases in gangue contents.     

中国关键矿产现状、研究内容与资源战略分析

关键矿产是指当前和未来相当长时间内现代社会可持续发展所必须但在稳定供给方面又存在高风险的金属矿产资源,主要包括稀土、稀有、稀散金属和部分稀贵金属矿产资源。关键金属由于具有极度耐高温、耐腐蚀、光学和电磁性质优良等物理化学特性,是航空航天、电子信息、高端制造、新能源、新材料等重点领域和新兴产业发展的重要物质基础。由于高科技和新兴产业的快速发展,未来几十年全球对关键矿产的需求将迅猛增长, 供需矛盾将日益突出,可以说,未来国际矿产资源和科技的竞争在很大程度上将集中于对关键矿产资源的博弈。过去十余年来,中国一直为矿产资源第一消费大国,在未来较长时间内对关键矿产的需求量仍将持续增长。面对国内强劲需求和严峻的国际资源竞争态势, 迫切需要加大科技创新力度, 持续开展关键矿产成矿基础理论和综合利用技术研究。中国的关键矿产种类丰富,成矿过程中关键金属元素的地球化学行为和成矿机制复杂,矿化类型多样,空间分布成群成带,资源潜力大。未来要聚焦关键金属元素超常富集基础理论,重点解决好三方面的科学问题:(1)地球多圈层相互作用对关键金属元素富集的控制作用;(2)关键金属元素富集机制与成矿规律;(3)关键金属元素赋存状态与分离技术。该文立足于国际关键矿产资源形势,提出了全面提升我国对关键矿产资源的管理、勘查、开发和综合利用水平及保障关键矿产资源安全的思考和建议。     

浙江省瑞安市耕作层土壤养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素

综合采用地统计学、GIS和传统统计分析方法,研究了瑞安市耕作层土壤9种养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果显示,研究区耕作层土壤碱解氮呈西高东低的分布趋势,速效钾、有效硼、有效锰、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌呈西低东高的分布趋势,有效磷呈东西高、中间低的分布趋势,有效铁分布均匀;研究区中西部耕作层有效硼较缺乏,东部碱解氮较缺乏,中部有效磷较缺乏,其他地区9种养分元素有效态含量均达到中等以上;半方差函数分析显示有效锰和有效铁为强空间相关性,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌为中等空间相关性,有效硼为弱空间相关性。研究认为,中性或是弱碱性、含盐量较高且阳离子较活跃的土壤环境有利于速效钾和有效硼富集,酸性或弱酸性和有机质含量较高的土壤有利于碱解氮和有效铁富集;速效钾、有效钼、有效硼、有效铜和有效锌含量的控制因素相似,主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素和施肥、耕作等随机性因素的双重影响,而碱解氮、有效铁、有效磷和有效锰的含量分布主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素的影响。     

章丘地区土壤硒的含量分布及影响因素

以章丘地区土壤为对象,系统分析了表层、深层土壤及8条剖面土壤中Se元素的含量水平,研究了土壤中Se的分布特征及其与土壤类型、成土母质、地形地貌和土壤理化性质及组分的关系。结果表明：章丘地区表层土壤中Se含量在0.1～0.8mg/kg之间,以中硒土壤为主,富硒土壤面积173km2。土壤类型中,水稻土Se平均含量水平最高,为0.55mg/kg;成土母质中以石炭—二叠纪泥页岩发育的土壤Se含量最高;剖面土壤中的Se主要在表层富集。影响章丘地区土壤Se含量分布的主要因素是成土母质、地形地貌、土壤pH、有机质及土壤中硫、铁铝氧化物等组分。     

基于随机抽样一致性算法的稳健点云平面拟合方法

针对点云数据平面拟合过程中存在粗差及异常值等问题,文章提出一种基于随机抽样一致性算法(RANSAC)的稳健平面拟合方法。该方法以RANSAC算法为基础并结合特征值法,通过设置一定的准则,剔除点云数据中存在的粗差及异常值,达到获得理想平面拟合参数的目的。运用此算法对仿真数据及实测数据进行平面拟合,并与传统算法进行比较,结果表明该方法可以很好地适应于点云数据中存在粗差及异常值的情况,获得较好的平面参数估计值,是一种稳健的平面拟合算法。     

Laboratory simulations of prebiotic molecule stability in the jarosite mineral group; end member evaluation of detection and decomposition behavior related to Mars sample return

Recently, the prebiotic amino acid glycine has been found associated with natural jarosite samples from locations around the world. Since the discovery of jarosite on Mars, extensive research focuses on linking this mineral group with possible detection of biosignatures in the geologic record on Earth and Mars. Multiple analytical methods, including extraction and mass spectrometry techniques, have identified glycine and other biomolecules in jarosite samples. The jarosite end members jarosite (sensu stricto-potassium jarosite), natrojarosite (sodium jarosite), and ammoniojarosite (ammonium jarosite) have different thermodynamic stabilities, decompose at different rates, and have potentially different susceptibilities to substitution. The relationship between the thermodynamic stability of the jarosite end members and the effect that glycine has on the thermal decomposition behavior of each end member was investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis. Introducing glycine into the synthesis procedure (75 ppm) of the potassium, sodium, and ammonium jarosite end member has elucidated the effects that glycine has on the thermal stability of the mineral group. Potassium jarosite appears to be the least susceptible to the effects of glycine, with the sodium and ammonium end members showing marked changes in thermal decomposition behavior and decomposition rates. These results suggest that the sodium and ammonium jarosites are more suitable targets for identifying signs of prebiotic or biotic activity on Mars and Earth than the potassium jarosites. These results have implications for current in situ investigations of the martian surface and future sample return missions.     

Triple F—a comet nucleus sample return mission

The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA’s Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three sample cores of the upper 50 cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS.