The occurrence of potentially hazardous trace elements in five Highveld coals, South Africa

Permian coals of the southern hemisphere are generally considered to contain lower concentrations of sulfides, halogens, and trace elements when compared to northern hemisphere Carboniferous coals. Few studies have considered the trace element content in South African coals, and little or no work has been published for Highveld coals. Of the nineteen coal fields in South Africa, the Highveld coal field is one of the nine currently producing, and is second largest in terms of production. Five run of mine samples and a high ash middlings product from the Number 4 Lower seam were analyzed, totaling six sample sets. Fourteen trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, and Zn) were selected for this study based on the global perception that these elements may be hazardous to human health and/or the environment when they are released during coal utilization. Several sample preparation techniques were tested using certified reference materials (SARMs 18, 19 and 20) to determine the most repeatable technique for these coals. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES and CVAA (Hg only). Microwave digestion proved to be generally unreliable despite the utilization of several different methods. A slurry direct injection method into the ICP-AES provided good correlations with the reference material, but requires further development to enhance the confidence level in this relatively unexplored technique. Samples prepared based on three ASTM standards for the determination of trace elements in coal provided repeatable results in most instances, and were the preparation methods utilized for the Highveld coals.The trace element values determined for the Highveld coals are generally in good agreement with values available in literature for South African coals, with the exception of Hg, Mn and Cr. Hg values reported here are lower, Cr and Mn higher. Results generally agree well with analyses on the same samples conducted by the United States Geological Survey. When considering the global ranges for trace elements, the Highveld range values are within Swaine's range boundaries with the exception of Cr. Compared to the cited global average values for the fourteen trace elements determined, the values obtained for the Highveld coals generally fall below or well below these average values, with the exception of Cr and Mn. Concentrations of Cd and Cu are lower compared to global average values, and As, Mo, Pb, Se, Sb, and Zn can be considered low to very low. Arsenic is ten times lower compared to typical USA values. Concentrations of Co and Ni are similar to global averages, with V and Hg being very slightly higher. The middlings samples reported higher concentrations of most elements, related to the higher ash content of these samples. Of interest, the chalcophile elements determined are all depleted in the Highveld coals compared to global averages, and the siderophile elements are enriched or comparable to global averages.Risk-based health studies in the USA on coals with similar or higher Hg and significantly higher As contents have not reported negative health effects, and therefore it could be assumed that the mobilization of these trace elements from the five Highveld coals are unlikely to cause human health problems. Work is ongoing to determine the modes of occurrence of these HAPs and to address the partitioning behaviors and speciation states of these elements during coal utilization.     

黄土震陷下限深度研究

利用兰州和西安地震小区划黄土震陷数据,获得了这两个地区黄土震陷下限深度预测的经验公式,与实验结果较为吻合。结果显示在一定的地震动条件下黄土的物理指标含水量、固结压力、剪切波速能够比较好的反映黄土震陷特性,通过研究它们与残余应变的关系可以预测黄土震陷下限深度。     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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基于M-K法对图们江干流含沙量年际变化的分析

本文选取图们江干流3个控制水文站的年含沙量资料,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法进行统计分析,并对分析结果综合对比分析,得出图们江干流水土流失严重,特别是开山屯水文站以上断面,含沙量增加趋势明显,下垫面改变剧烈,人类活动已严重影响到当地气候变化,变得干旱少雨。通过本文对含沙量的趋势分析,以期为图们江流域水资源的科学管理与合理利用提供参考依据。     

ICP-AES法测定土壤样品中铜的不确定度评定

建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定土壤样品中铜的数学模型,分析不确定度产生原因,并对引起的不确定度分量进行量化,最终合成标准不确定度,通过乘以95%概率下的扩展因子2,获得测量结果的扩展不确定度。     

中国煤中铬的分布、赋存状态及富集因素研究进展

铬是煤中的潜在毒害微量元素,在煤利用过程中铬会发生迁移与转化,并可能释放出造成环境和人体健康的危害。本文分析了中国煤中铬的含量、分布规律、赋存状态及其富集因素等地球化学特征,指出中国煤中铬的含量为0．02～971μg／g,平均为17．18μg／g;煤中铬的赋存状态多样,主要以无机态存在;煤中铬的含量和赋存状态受成煤环境、成煤植物和后生地质作用等因素的影响。     

武汉月湖沉积物不同形态氮含量与转换途径的垂直变化

描述了2005年6月月湖4个采样点沉积物不同形态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性的垂直分布．亚表层（5—10cm）交换态NO3＋-N含量最高,而有效态氮与交换态NH4＋-N含量最低,故具临界意义．有效态氮多以交换态NH4＋-N的形式贮存于表层（0—5cm）与底层（〉10cm）,且底层含量较高,这种分布与缺氧状态有关．表层沉积物总氮和有机态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性均高,间隙水中NH4＋-N浓度亦取峰值,而溶解态N03--N浓度最低,据此提出氮循环的基本过程：有机态氮经矿化与硝化产生NH4＋-N与NO3-N,同时导致有利于NH4＋-N生成的缺氧状态,并促使部分NO3-N异化还原为NH4＋-N,二者共同构成表层间隙水中丰富的NH4＋-N源,总之,富营养化湖泊表层沉积物富含有机态氮,故为氮生物地球化学循环的最为活跃的层面,而NH4＋-N则为最具有效性且含量最高的形态．     

可持续发展研究:进展与趋向

可持续发展研究是跨世纪多学科综合研究的重大学科领域。回顾了可持续发展思想形成的简要历史过程,在介绍可持续发展的概念及国外可持续发展观和中国的可持续发展观的基础上,阐述了可持续发展思想的深刻内涵;介绍了可持续发展的理论基础和区域可持续发展的基本理论;概括总结了当前可持续发展研究的4个主要学科方向及其特点;概述了可持续发展研究的6个方面的主要内容及其趋向。     

粗粒含量对散体岩土颗粒破碎及强度特性试验研究

明显的粒径分级和深部土的颗粒破碎是超高排土场的两个主要特征。基于改装后的大型两用直剪仪对不同粗粒含量的颗粒破碎和抗剪强度进行试验研究。颗粒破碎试验结果表明：垂直压力小于400 kPa的情况下破碎率极小,在垂直压力大于400 kPa时,随垂直压力的增大破碎率增加明显;粗粒含量小于46.0%时,相对破碎率较小,粗粒含量大于46%时,颗粒破碎率随粗粒含量的增加而明显增大;相对破碎率与垂直压力可用双曲线关系表示;长期浸泡于水中的土样颗粒破碎相当明显。剪切强度试验结果表明：在粗粒含量等于24%时,低垂直压力下的剪应力-应变曲线呈微软化或微硬化型,较高垂直压力下呈轻微软化型;在粗粒含量等于78%时,低垂直压力下其剪应力-应变曲线呈软化型,较高垂直压力下表现为轻微硬化型。较高垂直压力下的抗剪强度包线呈明显的非线性。当颗粒破碎率较小时,分别在垂直压力小于400 kPa和大于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值变化不大;当颗粒破碎率明显增大时,垂直压力大于400 kPa时的内摩擦角值明显低于垂直压力小于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值。     

Heavy metal concentrations in floodplain surface soils, Lahn River, Germany

 Even relatively pristine drainage basins in industrial countries would appear to have received anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals. Investigation of floodplain surface soils in the Lahn River drainage basin, west-central Germany, indicates that the Cu concentration is 1.5 times the pre-industrial level, Pb and Zn contents twice the pre-industrial level; Cd, Co, and Cr concentrations are nearly equal to background metal values. Based on contamination standards developed for the Lahn River, floodplain soils are moderately contaminated with Pb and Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu. Metal contents are uniform across the floodplain, with the exception of a peak immediately adjacent to the Lahn River. Floodplain surface soil metal contents are less in the Lahn River basin than in larger drainage systems of Germany. Although Lahn River metalliferous sediments are presently immobile, they would, if eroded, contribute to downstream heavy metal concentrations. Consequently, metal storage in smaller drainage basins such as the Lahn should be considered in predictions of future metal loads in major river systems, for aggregate small basins could serve as significant metal contributors. Received: 21 August 1995 · Accepted: 23 January 1996