西藏地区天然水的水化学性质和元素特征

为了调查西藏的水质和水资源特色,2013 年在西藏拉萨、那曲地区、阿里地区、日喀则地区36 个县乡镇采集了60 个水样（地下水35 个,地表水22 个,温泉水3 个）,对其水化学性质与元素含量进行分析测定,并与周边的青海西南部、新疆南部、四川西部与西藏东部等地水的水化学类型进行了对比,讨论了不同地区内水化学类型的差异。总体上看西藏大部地区水质较好,能够满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准。水样pH 处于6.75~8.21 范围内;总溶解性固体（TDS） 均值为225.54 mg/L;阿里地区水中砷元素含量超标（超过10 μg/L）,双湖地区水中氟含量超标（超过1 mg/L）;水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO₃型;由南向北水中阳离子由以Ca²⁺ 为主逐渐过渡到以Na⁺ 为主,阴离子HCO₃^- 逐渐减少,Cl^- 与SO₄^2- 逐渐增多;河流水与冰川融水的成因类型主要为岩石风化型,地下水成因受多种因素控制;构造分区控制水中主要元素进而影响水化学类型。     

Shake table tests for the seismic fragility evaluation of hospital rooms

Health care facilities may undergo severe and widespread damage that impairs the functionality of the system when it is stricken by an earthquake. Such detrimental response is emphasized either for the hospital buildings designed primarily for gravity loads or without employing base isolation/supplemental damping systems. Moreover, these buildings need to warrant operability especially in the aftermath of moderate‐to‐severe earthquake ground motions. The provisions implemented in the new seismic codes allow obtaining adequate seismic performance for the hospital structural components; nevertheless, they do not provide definite yet reliable rules to design and protect the building contents. To date, very few experimental tests have been carried out on hospital buildings equipped with nonstructural components as well as building contents. The present paper is aimed at establishing the limit states for a typical health care room and deriving empirical fragility curves by considering a systemic approach. Toward this aim, a full scale three‐dimensional model of an examination (out patients consultation) room is constructed and tested dynamically by using the shaking table facility of the University of Naples, Italy. The sample room contains a number of typical medical components, which are either directly connected to the panel boards of the perimeter walls or behave as simple freestanding elements. The outcomes of the comprehensive shaking table tests carried out on the examination room have been utilized to derive fragility curves based on a systemic approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of sample size on geotechnical probabilistic model identification

This paper aims to investigate the impact of sample size on geotechnical probabilistic model identification. First, the copula approach is presented to model the bivariate distribution of geotechnical parameters. Thereafter, the AIC scores are adopted to identify the best-fit marginal distribution and copula. Second, the variation of AIC scores because of small sample size is investigated using simulated data. Finally, the impact of the variation of AIC scores on identification of the best-fit marginal distribution and copula is examined. The minimum sample sizes for geotechnical data are also suggested to obtain a correct identification of the probabilistic models. The results indicate that the AIC scores estimated from a small sample exhibit large variation. The variation of the AIC scores has a significant impact on probabilistic model identification. The marginal distributions and copulas have a low percentage of correct identification when sample size is small. The percentages of correct identification for the marginal distributions and copulas increase with increasing sample size. The correlation coefficient between geotechnical parameters has a much larger impact on probabilistic model identification than the COV of geotechnical parameters. The suggested minimum sample sizes for geotechnical data are useful for guiding practical geotechnical site investigation.     

Trophic structure of mesopelagic fishes in the Gulf of Mexico revealed by gut content and stable isotope analyses

Mesopelagic fishes represent an important component of the marine food web due to their global distributions, high abundances and ability to transport organic material throughout a large part of the water column. This study combined stable isotope (SIAs) and gut content analyses (GCAs) to characterize the trophic structure of mesopelagic fishes in the North‐Central Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, this study examined whether mesopelagic fishes utilized chemosynthetic energy from cold seeps. Specimens were collected (9–25 August 2007) over three deep (>1,000 m) cold seeps at discrete depths (surface to 1,503 m) over the diurnal cycle. GCA classified 31 species (five families) of mesopelagic fishes into five feeding guilds: piscivores, large crustacean consumers, copepod consumers, generalists and mixed zooplanktivores. However, these guilds were less clearly defined based on stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR) results, suggesting diets may be more mixed over longer time periods (weeks–months) and across co‐occurring species. Copepods were likely important for the majority of mesopelagic fishes, consistent with GCA (this study) and previous literature. MixSIAR results also identified non‐crustacean prey items, including salps and pteropods, as potentially important prey items for mesopelagic fishes, including those fishes not analysed in GCA (Sternoptyx spp. and Melamphaidae). Salps and other soft‐bodied species are often missed in GCAs. Mesopelagic fishes had δ¹³C results consistent with particulate organic matter serving as the baseline organic carbon source, fueling up to three trophic levels. Fishes that undergo diel vertical migration were depleted in ¹⁵N relative to weak migrators, consistent with depth‐specific isotope trends in sources and consumers, and assimilation of ¹⁵N‐depleted organic matter in surface waters. Linear correlations between fish size and δ¹⁵N values suggested ontogenetic changes in fish diets for several species. While there was no direct measure of mesopelagic fishes assimilating chemosynthetic material, detection of infrequent consumption of this food resource may be hindered by the assimilation of isotopically enriched photosynthetic organic matter. By utilizing multiple dietary metrics (e.g. GCA, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, MixSIAR), this study better defined the trophic structure of mesopelagic fishes and allowed for insights on feeding, ultimately providing useful baseline information from which to track mesopelagic trophodynamics over time and space.     

Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa,and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet

Shark catches in the protective nets set off the beaches of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, are strongly influenced by the sardine run, the winter influx of shoals of Sardinops sagax from the south-west. The effect of the sardine run, which is highly variable from year to year, is greatest in June and July at beaches south of Durban. Total annual shark catch and effort are presented for the period 1952–2005, and total monthly shark catch on the KZN south coast for the period May–August, 1965–2005. Measures to reduce catches of sharks associated with the sardine run have been introduced and have been increasingly successful. Reliable species-specific catch data are available for the period 1978–2005 only. For this period, the spatio-temporal distribution of each of 14 species of shark and the frequency of occurrence of sardine in their diets is documented. Occurrence varies according to species, as does the apparent influence of the sardine run on shark distribution. During June and July on the KZN south coast, sardine were found in the diet of all but two species and frequency of occurrence was 40% or greater in eight species. The presence of copper or bronze whaler sharks Carcharhinus brachyurus in KZN waters appears to be strongly associated with the sardine run, as does that of certain life-history stages of dusky sharks C. obscurus. Spinner sharks C. brevipinna and smooth hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini are caught in greater numbers in summer than in winter, but appear to shift their spatial distribution seasonally to feed on sardine.     

地学信息图谱的最新进展

地学信息图谱的研究已经从科学概念和定义、模式的研究,发展到对功能、作用等深层次问题的挖掘,以及向实际应用阶段迈进。本文首先介绍本研究组在地学信息图谱方向上的探索性研究总体思路,进而阐述相关领域的图谱对地学信息图谱研究的新启示意义,概述了我们在该方向上的理论研究成果,包括理论体系的建立、新的理论热点问题,并对地学信息图谱中的几个关键因子(尺度性因子、层次性因子、抽象度因子等)进行了透彻分析。在方法和技术进展部分,阐述了我们在地学信息图谱的自动/半自动归纳和提炼方法和技术方面的最新成果,以及地学信息图谱参数设计、地学基本单元的三维表达与虚拟重组等方法和技术。在此基础上,介绍了我们开发的地学信息图谱基础平台的设计和开发成果。最后,对黄土高原地貌形态信息图谱、中国多尺度水系网络信息图谱、中国综合自然景观信息图谱等实例进行了深入地分析。     

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能影响的试验研究

循环冻融作用下粗粒土的力学性质对于高寒地区边坡稳定性分析意义重大。以藏区某一排土场土体作为依托,开展了不同冻融循环次数后不同级配黏质粗粒土的单轴压缩试验,研究冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能的影响。结果表明：冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土应力-应变关系曲线性状及破坏模式有一定的影响,可使其应变呈现由脆性破坏（软化）向塑性流动（硬化）变化的规律。当提高冻融循环次数时,该类土体的弹模和抗压强度均显著减小,其中5~9次冻融循环前减小幅度较大,之后基本保持不变。单轴抗压性能的弱化与土样循环冻融过程中伴随的细颗粒团聚、大中孔隙增多、密实度下降有关。20次冻融循环后,该土质土样抗压强度、弹模最大降低幅度各自高达43%和77%。可见随着提高细砾组的含量,土样的抗压强度和弹模均呈现下降的趋势,这与该土样内粗、细土颗粒的比例及强度发挥机理密切相关。粗粒土单轴抗压破坏应变随冻融循环次数和细砾组含量的增加有一定的增加趋势。     

利用长期观测资料评价GPS短基线的定位精度

根据隔河岩大坝外观变形ＧＰＳ自动化监测系统的大量观测资料（１９９８年６月－１９９９年１２月），全面分析并评价了间距为１ｋｍ的两个工作基点相对定位的三维精度。结果表明，２小时解的精度为∧±２．８６ｍｍ（ｎ）、±２．５０ｍｍ（Ｅ）和±６．５２ｍｍ（Ｕ）；６小时解的精度为±２．０６ｍｍ（Ｎ）、±１．７７ｍｍ（Ｅ）和±４．４９ｍｍ（Ｕ）；垂直方向的精度约水平方向的２．５倍。这一精度分析结果具有大子样容量的特性．客观反映了ＧＰＳ在单一短基线进行相对定位的三维精度情况，可为ＧＰＳ用于精密工程测量和变形监测的方案设计提供参考。     

The ecology of Lerista labialis (Scincidae) in the Simpson Desert: reproduction and diet

This study investigated the diet and reproductive cycle of the southern sandslider skink Lerista labialis, in the dunefields of the Simpson Desert, central Australia. We dissected preserved specimens to obtain gut contents and measure gonad volume, and also live-captured animals from 1999 to 2000 to assess the impact of rainfall on population structure and body condition. This skink breeds during the austral summer. Males start spermatogenesis in July and testes volume is largest in December. Females have enlarged ovarian follicles in November and produce oviducal eggs from November to February. One or more clutches of two eggs are produced per breeding season. L. labialis specializes on termites, which represent 78% of the diet by percentage occurrence. The remaining 22% of this skink's diet comprises Hemiptera, Neuroptera and unknown prey items. Body condition, and probably increased reproduction and juvenile survival, were higher in 2000 (wet year) than 1999 (relatively dry year); proportion of juveniles also increased in the population in autumn, winter and summer 2000 compared to the previous year. Late rainfall in autumn 2000 may have triggered these demographic changes by increasing prey accessibility. Long-term research is required into growth rates, longevity and inter-annual population dynamics of L. labialis to fully evaluate its life history strategy.     

试论二氧化硅观测中标样系列的选定对观测质量的影响

本文通过对同一批次的标样系列及水样先后进行两次对比观测实验,指出标样系列的取值范围在一定程度上影响观测质量,尤其对直线首尾两端点的测值影响较大,而测值居中的则影响较小;符合所测水样系列的标样系列则可以使水样取得稳定的测值。并据此指明标样系列取值范围应尽可能遵循的原则。