基于MAPGIS的军事标图系统的设计

军事领域是一个非常特殊的行业，信息的安全性和空间数据的多样性是应用开发的重要问题。在全球信息化日趋高速发展和逐步成熟的今天，军队信息化建设也必须与GIS技术紧密结合，跟上时代前进的步伐。较系统地研究了GIS技术在军事标图绘制中的应用和集成问题，并提供了相应的理论方法和实现系统。在此基础上介绍了以MAPGIS为开发平台的军事标绘系统的实用功能和特点。首先分析了军事信息系统对地理信息数据的要求，并且评述了相关领域的研究现状。然后较为系统地介绍了军事标图系统的总体设计，根据军事标绘对象的数据特征，设计符合要求的应用系统提出了面向对象和无缝交互工具等的设计思想。对军标对象数据模型和操作模型进行了详细地阐述和说明，并将这些模型在系统中进行了实现。最后介绍了军事标图系统的主要模块和功能，探讨了今后GIS研究和发展的方向。     

长江上游防护林体系建设要点

本区防护林体系的建设目标是:改善生态环境,发展山区经济。人口稠密区防护林体系建设成败的关健在于:能否掌握生态生产双重功能,是否具有生态社会经济三大效益。为此进行了防护林体系分类,提出了林种的生态功能指标和生产功能指标。防护林体系的生态经济分区要研究生态经济系绽的地域差异,有助于发挥各个林种的生态生产双重功能,是建设防护林体系的重要途径,为合理布局提供科学依据。     

Comprehensive Multi-Level Exploration of Buried Active Faults： an Example of the Yinchuan Buried Active Fault

The paper introduces the steps and methods of multi-approach,multi-level exploration of buried faults in thick Quaternary sediment regions by taking the test exploration of the Yinchuan active fault as example.Based on the comprehensive analyses of previous data,we choose the Xinqushao Village of Xingqing District of Yinchuan City as the test site for the comprehensive exploration.Firstly,we adopted shallow seismic investigation with group intervals of 10m,5m and 1m to gradually trace layer by layer the master fault of the Yinchuan buried fault from a deep depth to a shallow depth where drilling could be used.Then,with composite geological profile drilling,we determined the precise location and dip angle of the fault.The drilling show the buried depth of the upper offset point is 8.3m.Finally,large-scale trenching revealed that the actual buried depth of the upper offset point of the fault is 1.5m from the ground surface and there are paleoearthquake events of 5 stages.Combined with the preliminary result of corresponding sample age,we conclude the Yinchuan buried fault is a mid to late Holocene active fault.     

基于GWR模型的道路网络对森林碳密度干扰的地理变异

以闽江上游地区为例,在分析三明市2007—2016年森林碳密度时空动态的基础上,采用常规的以及改进后的道路网络测度指标,应用缓冲区分析方法和地理加权回归（Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR）模型,从线上和面上分别探讨道路网络对森林碳密度干扰的地理变异规律。结果表明：① 碳密度受到道路网络的较大影响,路网影响域内外碳密度的大小排序为：路网影响域内＜整个研究区＜路网影响域外;多条道路影响域重叠区的碳密度(26.330 Mg/hm²)明显低于单条道路影响域的碳密度(37.406 Mg/hm²);不同等级道路影响域的碳密度由大到小依次为县道＞高速＞省道＞其它道路＞国道＞乡道。道路网络对2007—2016年碳密度的降低也有明显影响。② GWR模型的分析结果表明,路网对碳密度的影响程度随着样点的变化而变化,具有“空间非平稳性”。碳密度随着路网密度的增加而降低,而随着离道路距离的增加而增加。③ 研究区西北部和中部,GWR的回归系数及相关系数均较大,表明这2个区域道路对碳密度影响大且解释力皆较强。     

Three dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China from ambient noise surface wave tomography

We determine the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in China using Green's functions obtained from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation.The data we use are from the China National Seismic Network,global and regional networks and PASSCAL stations in the region.We first acquire cross-correlation seismograms between all possible station pairs.We then measure the Rayleigh wave group and phase dispersion curves using a frequency-time analysis method from 8 s to 60 s.After that,Rayleigh wave group and phase velocity dispersion maps on 1° by 1° spatial grids are obtained at different periods.Finally,we invert these maps for the 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China at each grid node.The inversion results show large-scale structures that correlate well with surface geology.Near the surface,velocities in major basins are anomalously slow,consistent with the thick sediments.East-west contrasts are striking in Moho depth.There is also a fast mid-to-lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the major basins surrounding the Tibetan plateau (TP) and Tianshan (Junggar,Tarim,Ordos,and Sichuan).These strong blocks,therefore,appear to play an important role in confining the deformation of the TP and constraining its geometry to form its current triangular shape.In northwest TP in Qiangtang,slow anomalies extend from the crust to the mantle lithosphere.Meanwhile,widespread,a prominent low-velocity zone is observed in the middle crust beneath most of the central,eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau,consistent with a weak (and perhaps mobile) middle crust.     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖成因与演化

金沙江上游巴塘—中咱河段位于青藏高原东南缘,该河段两岸岸坡发育众多的大型古滑坡,且部分古滑坡曾堵塞金沙江形成了堰塞湖,特米大型古滑坡堰塞湖是其中之一。关于特米古滑坡堰塞湖的形成与演化过程目前尚未见有过详细的报道。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合遥感影像解译和年代学测试,对特米古滑坡堰塞湖的地貌和沉积特征进行了详细研究,并对其形成与演化过程进行了分析。研究结果表明,特米古滑坡堰塞湖很可能是由该地区的古地震活动触发大型滑坡并堵塞金沙江形成的,最大湖面面积约为1.42×10⁷ m²,库容蓄水量约为1.46×10⁹ m³。该古堰塞湖的形成时间约为1.8 ka BP,其溃决消亡的时间约为1.4 ka BP,溃决洪峰流量约为55 858 m³/s,该滑坡堰塞湖持续稳定了约400年的时间。     

Recent Process in Near-Space Gravity Wave Analysis Based on Satellite Measurements

This article focused on the research progress in the gravity wave analysis based on satellite measurements including MODIS, AIRS, AMSU, MLS, DNB, COSMIC,HIRDLS and SOFIE. Besides, a few ground-based observation results and numerical models were briefly introduced and some cases of joint applications of satellite observations with ground-based observations and numerical models in the gravity waves were listed. In general, the satellite remote sensing data play an important role in the study of the characteristics in near-space environment, which can be applied to analyze the scales of gravity waves induced by different sources, correlations between the instabilities and waves as well as their patterns, the impacts in the climate process, wave-wave interactions and wave-flow interactions with other data.     

中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性研究

为了深化对中国大陆及邻区上地幔介质形变强度和方向的空间变化图象、各向异性和剪切波分裂、各向异性以及应变、应变和构造过程关系的认识，我们以剪切波在分层各向异性介质中的传播理论为指导，以分裂剪切波观测为基础，借助数字化地震资料和高分辨率的信号处理技术，给出了对136次地震的分析结果，得到了20个台站下面的上地幔各向异性介质的变形强度和方向的空间变化图象；并结合已有研究结果，对中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性特性及其起源问题进行了讨论．      

裂隙黄土边坡三维稳定性极限分析

黄土边坡中竖直裂隙的发育往往会对边坡稳定产生影响。相对于平面应变机制,建立三维破坏机制下边坡稳定性分析方法更能接近实际边坡失稳情况。基于塑性极限分析上限法,考虑预先存在竖直裂隙的三维黄土边坡不同破坏机制（坡面破坏、坡脚破坏和坡底破坏）,建立能量平衡方程及其无量纲临界高度值γH/c表达式,采用随机搜索法得到了临界高度的上限解。分析了约束宽度、边坡坡度、内摩擦角以及裂隙深度对三维竖直裂隙黄土边坡临界高度值的影响。结果表明：对于坡脚破坏机制,临界高度值随着裂隙深度的增加而减小,减小至临界裂隙深度 (δ /H)_min后,裂隙深度的增加不再影响临界高度值;临界裂隙深度随着坡度β 的增大而增大,随着内摩擦角φ 的增大而减小。当约束宽度B/H<0.8时,大多数破坏机制为坡面破坏。当约束宽度B/H=0.8、内摩擦角φ =10° 及约束宽度B/H=0.6、内摩擦角φ =15° 时,边坡的破坏从坡面破坏机制逐渐过渡到坡脚破坏机制。存在竖直裂隙的黄土边坡比完整边坡具有更小的临界高度,约束宽度及内摩擦角会对三维黄土边坡破坏机制产生影响。     

新石器晚期颍河上游旱作农业的多元化特征

用王城岗遗址地层中炭化作物种子、植物花粉的分选鉴定结果,讨论了颍河上游地区龙山文化晚期至二里岗文化时期(约4.2~3.3 kaBP)的气候背景、作物类型和农业活动对环境的影响。结果显示,粟、黍种子数目一直占绝对优势,小麦种子在二里岗时期出现并逐渐走强;由于土地承载力和气候条件限制,王城岗地区的早期农业自龙山晚期后加速了多元化的进程,逐渐形成了以粟、黍、麦、豆为主,水稻、高粱、荞麦、稗子为辅,兼有果实采集的多样化农业生产。小麦的引入表明,本区早期农业与西部地区文化交流是主体,同时促进了颍河上游早期农业的多元化,巩固了史前社会可持续发展的物质基础。