基于Sentinel-2A和GF-1B遥感数据的海岸带水产养殖识别方法比较

近海水产养殖为人类提供优质的动物蛋白,对海洋经济高质量发展具有重要意义。卫星遥感技术已被广泛用于海岸带水产养殖的监测,但目前相关的研究聚焦基于单一传感器卫星数据并使用单一信息提取算法而忽略与不同卫星传感器以及处理方法之间的比较。本研究以北莉岛东北部为研究区,基于多光谱Sentinel 2A卫星和高分一号B（GF 1B）卫星数据,分别使用自适应阈值法、支持向量机监督分类法以及多尺度分割面向对象分类法,开展海岸带人工水产养殖区的识别。研究表明,更高空间分辨率的GF 1B卫星对人工水产养殖水网密集区的提取正确率远优于Sentinel 2A卫星;基于高空间分辨率GF 1B卫星,多尺度分割面向对象分类法的正确率最高,为94.65%,优于支持向量机监督分类法的94.45%和自适应阈值法的84.62%;自适应阈值法更适用于中等空间分辨率卫星数据的水产养殖信息提取,其提取的水产养殖水面的面积与目视解译提取的面积差异小于4%。针对单个养殖池使用情况的业务化监测需使用高空间分辨率卫星数据,而大范围水产养殖面积的变化分析则可应用中等空间分辨率卫星数据。     

Segmentation of soil roughness profiles

A robust and flexible algorithm to study spatial series like soil roughness profile has been introduced. It avoids using classic spectral analysis, considers the profile first and foremost as non-stationary and makes it possible to identify the separate domains inside the profile where chosen statistical parameters and roughness indexes have their own value. The method analyses a roughness profile considering it as an assemblage of several entities that may differ in terms of statistical properties and length, without establishing constraints as to number and extension. The method derives the variability of statistical and roughness properties along the profile and extracts the possible components - random and oriented - detectable inside the sample. Some examples of application illustrate the possibility offered by the method to study real roughness profiles recorded in the field by a portable laser microprofilometer. The procedure proposed allows the investigation of local roughness properties with varying degrees of accuracy and should be useful to monitor the differential evolution of roughness on patterned soil surface, increasing the overall information content. A general definition of ‘ordered roughness’ is introduced. The definition proposed seems more suited to current techniques for the numerical treatment of digital profiles and for the existing physical relationships between the scale of observation of roughness and the scale of the process investigated (hydraulic resistance, water storage in depressions). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上覆流沙层隧道开挖面稳定性分析与数值试验研究

为解决上覆流沙层隧道开挖面极易发生坍塌破坏的技术难题,以典型该地质条件下的青岛地铁M2号线啤苗区间（啤酒城站至苗岭路站）为研究对象,基于开挖面的实际破坏特征建立了开挖面失稳破坏力学模型,从功能转化平衡角度,进行了隧道开挖面稳定性上限分析,并利用强度折减与重力加载两种方式,提出了隧道开挖面安全系数,得到了不同开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、重度、隔水层厚度及隧道开挖高度下的临界土体破裂范围及破裂模式。理论研究表明：随着开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、隔水层厚度等参数的增加,开挖面安全系数不断增大,稳定性不断提高;随着土体重度、隧道开挖高度增加,开挖面安全系数不断减小,稳定性不断降低。通过建立不同工况的数值模型验证了理论研究的正确性,得到了上覆流沙层地质条件下开挖面的典型破坏模式和临界参数,并提出了相应工程建议。研究成果为青岛地铁M2号线的顺利贯通及该类地质条件下的隧道施工提供了理论指导和科学对策。     

藏东南鲁朗-通麦崩塌滑坡孕灾地质背景特征研究

藏东南的喜马拉雅东构造结地区作为青藏高原隆升最快的地区之一,其复杂的地质背景条件决定了该区工程地质问题具有复杂性和特殊性,并孕育了多种地质灾害。利用测窗、节理裂隙分期配套等野外调查方法以及遥感影像解译,分析总结了藏东南地区鲁朗至通麦不同区段崩塌滑坡地质灾害的孕灾地质背景,据此将研究区划分为四段,分别为鲁朗-东久段、东久-拉月段、拉月-排龙段、排龙-通麦段,每一区段分别对应了不同的孕灾地质条件特征,由此也决定了区段内崩滑地质灾害的性质、变形破坏模式、规模。相关成果可用于藏东南崩塌滑坡地质灾害的早期识别和风险评价。      

水平加筋地基极限承载力的极限上限分析法

水平加筋是广泛应用的软土地基处理方法之一,而水平加筋地基极限承载力的确定是其地基处理设计的重要依据。因此,首先结合条形基础下水平加筋地基的工程特点,在探讨其承载机制和破坏特点的基础上,考虑破坏间断面上筋材与地基土体的变形协调,构建出反映加筋参数变化影响的可变破坏模式及机动允许速度场;然后,在此基础上,通过重点研究筋材的能量耗散分析方法,并引入上限极限分析理论,建立出条形基础下水平加筋地基极限承载力分析模型,再引入序列二次规划优化分析理论,建立出条形基础下水平加筋地基极限承载力确定方法,它能充分反映加筋设计参数对地基破坏模式及承载力的影响;最后,通过试验结果与该方法及现有同类分析模型结果的比较分析,表明了该模型与方法的合理性与可行性。     

石岛湾四种常见鱼类的热耐受性比较研究

作者分别采用动态法和静态法两种实验方法,以石岛湾4种常见鱼类(许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)和矛尾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias))为研究对象,对比研究了在4个季节基础水温(5.0~26.0℃)和9个温升速率(0.5~15.0℃/h)下这些鱼类的热耐受性。结果表明,4种鱼类的CTM(最大临界温度)和24 h UILT_(50)(24 h高起始致死温度)均与基础水温呈显著正相关,温升速率对鱼类耐热性的影响因鱼种和季节基础温度而异;相同基础水温下4种实验鱼类的CTM值均高于24 h UILT_(50)。4种鱼类的24 h UILT50依次为:矛尾虎鱼许氏平鲉褐菖鲉大泷六线鱼。     

吉林前郭5.8级震区上地壳速度结构

为了更好地研究吉林前郭地区的地震活动性,本文利用2013年10月至2015年2月吉林前郭5.8级震群周围17个地震台站记录到的405个地震事件资料,共获得2 218条P波走时数据和2 166条S波走时数据,采用地震双差层析成像技术,获取吉林前郭震区上地壳三维P波、S波速度精细结构。结果显示,震区上地壳速度分层明显,P波速度变化范围为5.8~7.2km/s,S波速度变化范围为3.4~4.0km/s,波速比(vP/vS)变化较小。震区有低速带穿过,低速带走向为北东向,倾角较大(近直立),纵向延伸至15km深度;震群主要位于低P波和S波速度区,对应较低的波速比。吉林前郭震区构造强度较低,受西太平洋板块俯冲产生应力场的影响,易于发生地震。     

南北地震带南段远震P波走时层析成像研究

南北地震带南段位于青藏高原东南缘,是青藏高原与扬子克拉通的过渡地带.本文收集了该区域内90个固定台站和356个流动台站的远震波形数据,采用波形互相关方法拾取了88691个P波走时残差数据,应用FMTT(Fast Marching Teleseismic Tomography)层析成像方法获取了南北地震带南段深部的三维P波速度结构.结果显示了研究区深部的结构具有显著的不均匀性:腾冲火山地区深部400km以浅的深度内分布着明显的低速异常;四川盆地西南部下方300km内具有较强的高速异常;在上地幔顶部,沿川滇菱形块体周边的大型断裂带及川滇菱形块体南端分布着显著的低速异常,这些低速异常为青藏高原物质向东南方向挤出提供了必要的通道;保山地块下方存在一东倾的高速异常带,该高速异常带为印度板块岩石圈向东俯冲的体现.     

analyses on the triggering facrors of large quantities of landslides in the upper reaches of the minjiang river,sichuan province

Over the past geological and historical period, tens of thousands of landslides occurred in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, an area which is characterized by alpine valleys and has been densely populated over the past several hundreds of years. Discussing the triggering factor of these landslides is of great significance to geological hazard mitigation and prevention in this region. In this paper, we focus on four aspects of regional rainfall, shape features of landslide slopes, the corresponding relationship between landslide area and earthquake magnitude, and the recurring features of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi. Compared with those in Nepal, both mean seasonal rainfall accumulation and mean daily rainfall for the past 30 years are too low to reach the threshold values triggering landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Secondly, landslides in the study area are usually absent of inner gorges(canyon topography)on the hillslope toes, which are confirmed in previous studies as typical features of landslides triggered by storms. Thirdly, wide distribution of the landslides in the study area supports our notion of earthquake-triggering because the landslides triggered by storms commonly distribute locally. Fourthly, periodicity analysis of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi provides a few cycles of twenty to thirty years, possibly corresponding to the earthquakes of magnitudes>5.0 or 5.5 which are believed to have caused soft-sediment deformation in the study area. In contrast, like the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the average recurrence interval of the large earthquakes in the study area is 2.6ka. They caused tens of thousands of landslides and provided more coarse silt particles for the nearby lake sediments at least in 330 years for each time. This is consistent with exponential increase of earthquake magnitude from large to medium and of the landslide area with the increased earthquake magnitude. To sum up, we suggest that tens of thousands of landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River were most likely triggered by earthquakes instead of storms. This preliminary viewpoint needs further examination in the future.     

山东地区地壳速度与中强地震的关系

利用山东区域地震数字台网提供的数据,通过三维层析成像方法结合山东地质构造实际情况,对山东区域进行联合走时反演地壳速度结构,获得该区分辨率较高的三维速度结构图像。结果表明：不同深度上的速度分布反映出山东地区深部构造的某些重要信息,为进一步研究该区的活动构造及地震参数计算提供科学依据。在地壳速度结构与中强地震活动的关系上,再次显示出中强震多发生在速度结构高速单元与低速单元的过渡带附近,说明中强震的孕育与震源区周围介质的不均匀性有关。