Analysis of Wedge Stability Using Different Methods

Summary The stability problem of a rock slope containing a wedge resting on two intersecting discontinuities is of great interest in rock slope engineering. It is a statistically indeterminate problem with two extra unknowns according to the force (stress) equilibrium analysis. The widely used limit equilibrium methods in practice assume that the directions of the shear forces acting on the two discontinuities are parallel to their line of intersection. The validity of this assumption, however, has not been verified theoretically. This paper presents a general limit equilibrium method that determines the directions of the shear forces by using Pans Maximum principle and an upper bound method that applies the classic upper bound theorem of limit analysis to avoid making extra assumptions. The formulations of the two methods are derived. A non-symmetric wedge and a symmetric wedge are analyzed using the two derived methods. To further explore the influence on stability due to the direction of the shear force acting on the two discontinuities, three-dimensional finite-element analyses are also conducted. The results are compared and discussed.     

Building and Testing an <Emphasis Type="Italic">a priori</Emphasis> Geophysical Model for Western Eurasia and North Africa

We construct and evaluate a new three-dimensional model of crust and upper mantle structure in Western Eurasia and North Africa (WENA) extending to 700 km depth and having 1° parameterization. The model is compiled in an a priori fashion entirely from existing geophysical literature, specifically, combining two regionalized crustal models with a high-resolution global sediment model and a global upper mantle model. The resulting WENA1.0 model consists of 24 layers: water, three sediment layers, upper, middle, and lower crust, uppermost mantle, and 16 additional upper mantle layers. Each of the layers is specified by its depth, compressional and shear velocity, density, and attenuation (quality factors, Q _P and Q _S ). The model is tested by comparing the model predictions with geophysical observations including: crustal thickness, surface wave group and phase velocities, upper mantle _n velocities, receiver functions, P-wave travel times, waveform characteristics, regional 1-D velocities, and Bouguer gravity. We find generally good agreement between WENA1.0 model predictions and empirical observations for a wide variety of independent data sets. We believe this model is representative of our current knowledge of crust and upper mantle structure in the WENA region and can successfully be used to model the propagation characteristics of regional seismic waveform data. The WENA1.0 model will continue to evolve as new data are incorporated into future validations and any new deficiencies in the model are identified. Eventually this a priori model will serve as the initial starting model for a multiple data set tomographic inversion for structure of the Eurasian continent.     

利用面向对象的分类方法从IKONOS全色影像中提取河流和道路

传统的基于像素的统计特征的分类方法在处理高分辨率影像的分类问题上遇到了很大的困难。本研究利用面向对象的影像分析方法对IKONOS全色影像进行了河流与道路的分类,包括利用影像对象的光谱特征的初次分类和利用子目标对象的线特征的二次分类两个过程;其中初次分类由于仅依据光谱信息,不能很好地将河流或道路与其他光谱特征相似的地物区分开,而通过引入子目标的形状特征进行二次分类,就可以准确地将河流与道路提取出来。试验结果表明,面向对象的分类方法能够满足高分辨率或纹理影像的分类需要,具有很大的应用潜力。     

城市地质灾害应急管理平台的设计与研究

我国地质灾害多发,严重威胁到山地城市安全.城市地质灾害应急管理的首要环节是应急部门对信息的及时沟通和决策部门对信息的高效管理.因此,设计具有完善的数据共享模式,并具备良好服务架构的信息平台是科学应急管理的必要手段.本文研究了城市地质灾害应急管理平台设计中的关键技术,提出了基于地理网络和元数据管理的数据共享模式;建立了基于SOA的平台架构,并描述了分布式环境下的平台配置结构.通过引入先进的软件技术和GIS技术,可以为城市地质灾害救援指挥提供必要的信息和技术支撑,最终实现减轻城市突发性地质灾害损失的目的.     

城市级地理信息共享服务平台建设——以哈尔滨为例

以哈尔滨市为例,探讨如何建立城市级空间数据共享和地理信息服务中心,从地理空间信息资源中心和空间数据共享与服务两个方面来阐述在进行地理信息共享服务平台建设时要着力解决的一些关键问题,力求建立完善的地理空间信息共享与服务体系。为城市级的地理信息行业应用和公众应用提供完整、统一的解决方案。     

遥感影像快速纠正系统的设计与实现

深入分析了传统遥感影像纠正处理工作中存在的问题,提出了以基础地理信息数据库为基础、基于网络环境的协同作业模式,解决了传统遥感影像纠正处理工作中资料准备工作量大、控制点采集效率低以及数据安全等问题。介绍了系统技术架构、设计与技术实现,为实现遥感影像快速纠正提出了切实可行的技术方案。     

近30 a华北地区高空温度时空演变特征

根据华北地区12个探空站近30 a(1979-2008年)的各标准等压面月平均气温资料,对该地区高空年、季气温时空演变特征进行了分析.结果表明:华北地区高空年、季平均气温变化均具有非常高的空间一致性,其中冬季的一致性特征最明显;华北地区高空年、季平均气温大致以150-100 hPa层为界,以上(平流层下层)和以下(对流层)的气温存在着不同的变化特征:从近地面到200 hPa冬(夏)季最低(高),但在年平均气温最低的100-70 hPa,气温季节变化位相与对流层相反,50 hPa层以上气温的年变化不大;近30 a来华北地区对流层中下层的年、季平均气温变化以上升为主,而对流层上层至平流层下层则以下降为主.低层的变暖始于20世纪80年代后期,高层的变冷普遍始于20世纪90年代.     

郑州市两次不同背景下特大暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP资料,根据降水实况分布及各物理量分层平面分布,每隔6 h对特大暴雨中心区所在经、纬向带各物理量场作经、纬向垂直剖面图,结合高空观测图对郑州市两次特大暴雨发生的大环流形势场、触发特大暴雨发生的各物理量场进行诊断分析。结果表明:1)连续性特大暴雨区出现在低空急流轴的前方,一方面是由于低空急流前方水平辐合较强,另一方面低空急流对暖湿空气的输送,使大气不稳定度加强;局地短时性特大暴雨过程主要是冷空气侵入使冷暖湿空气团在郑州上空交汇,其对流不稳定能量释放所致。2)辐合线对暖湿空气的抬升运动起到动力加强作用,是触发中尺度雨团的根源,也是特大暴雨产生的根源。3)连续性暴雨发生、发展时,高空的反气旋起主导作用;局地短时性暴雨发生时,中低空的气旋辐合起主导作用。4)短时性特大暴雨天气,前期有较强的不稳定层结;连续性暴雨天气刚发生时,其前期存在较强的不稳定层结,在暴雨连续发生过程中不一定有强不稳定层结。5)连续性暴雨需要较强的水汽输送带,局地短时性暴雨不要求有明显的水汽输送。     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINED TORRENTIAL RAINS IN JUNES DURING 1958-2000

Day-to-day precipitation data of Junes during the 43 years of 1958-2000 from stations to the south of Yangtze River are used to divide regions and run statistical analysis of sustained torrential rainfall processes. A preliminary analysis is then made based on it and the results show that June is the month in which torrential rains in the southern half of China take place frequently and sustained torrential rains occur at the same time in South China and the area to the south of Yangtze River. In addition, the analysis gives the basic features of sustained torrential rains of June in China and their interannual variability patterns, with the suggestion that the amount of these events increases significantly after the 1990s. Lastly, the sustained torrential rains occurring in Junes of 1994, 1998 and 2005 in the southern half of China are taken as examples in the research on the basic patterns and formation mechanisms of the evolution of double rain-bands during the rain season in South China and the area to the south of Yangtze River. The analysis shows that the large scale environment field in which sustained torrential rains occur is related to the stable sustaining of the South Asia High and upper level jet streams.     

Research progress on layered seismic anisotropy - A review

Seismic anisotropy is an effective feature to study the inner structure of the Earth. In complex tectonic area, the assumption of single-layer anisotropy is sometimes not well consistent with the observed data; thus, the assumption of multi-layered (i.e. stratified) anisotropy should be considered. At present, the main methods to study anisotropy include receiver functions, shear wave splitting from local and teleseismic events (SKS, SKKS, and PKS, hereafter collectively called XKS), P- and Pn wave travel time inversion, surface wave inversion from far-field earthquakes and ambient noise. Each of the above method has its own advantages and limitations. Thus, one or more of the above methods are often combined to characterize multi-layered anisotropy, of which the depth range of anisotropic layers are different. This paper reviews the research progress of multi-layered anisotropy for the purpose of providing a basis for future seismic anisotropy investigations.