High Precision Time Domain Forward Modeling for Crosshole Electromagnetic Tomography

To improve the resolution of crosshole electromagnetic tomography, high precision of forward modeling is necessary. A pseudo-spectral time domain (PSTD) forward modeling was used to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation between two boreholes. The PSTD algorithm is based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for spatial derivatives in Maxwell's equations. Besides having the strongpoint of the FDTD method, the calculation precision of the PSTD algorithm is higher than that of the FDTD method under the same calculation condition. The forward modeling using the PSTD method will play an important role in enhancing the resolution of crosshole electromagnetic tomography.     

Chronology of an oyster reef on the coast of Bohai Bay, China: Constraints from optical dating using different luminescence signals from fine quartz and polymineral fine grains of coastal sediments

Fossil oyster reefs are indicators of past sea levels, and their formation is usually dated by means of radiocarbon. However, radiocarbon dating of the shells from coastal areas may be complicated by the varying sources of carbon. Here we applied optical dating methods to date the samples from above and below a fossil oyster bed in a section on the coast of Bohai Bay, China. The optical ages of the sediments were used to constrain the oyster bed. Single-aliquot regenerative-dose procedures using the OSL signal from fine grain quartz, the IRSL and post-IR OSL signals from polymineral fine grains were employed to determine equivalent dose (D_e). The behaviors of the different luminescence signals from quartz and polymineral grains during D_e measurements were examined. The results showed that the quartz OSL signal is more reliable than the polymineral IRSL and post-IR OSL signals with respect to dating for these coastal samples. The optical ages indicated that the oyster reef formed between ca. 6.2 and 5.0 ka.     

Implications of broad dose distributions obtained with the single-aliquot regenerative-dose method on quartz fine-grains from loess

Six samples were collected from a section of Peoria Loess in Eustis, North America, for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, and all except one (LV90) produced narrow dose distributions. A comparative study was conducted on this sample and on a ‘well-behaved’ sample (LV91), involving other dating methods and examination of the quartz OSL. These investigations revealed differences in the quartz OSL growth with dose, OSL response to thermal treatments and the range of components within the OSL signals. An ultra-fast component was found in LV90 that displayed a higher rate of sensitivity change than the fast component and this had a malign influence on the determination of the equivalent dose. The distinctive luminescence characteristics of LV90 imply either a change in wind dynamics and/or the source area for the silt.     

Wavefield continuation datuming using a near surface model

When topography and low velocity zone differences vary greatly, conventional vertical static time shifts will cause wavefield distortion and influence wave equation seismic imaging for seismic data acquired on a complex near surface. In this paper, we propose an approach to datum correction that combines a joint tomography inversion with wavefield continuation to solve the static problem for seismic data on rugged acquisition topography. First, the near surface model is obtained by refracted wave tomography inversion. Second, the wavefield of sources and receivers are continued downward and upward to accomplish datum correction starting from a flat surface and locating the datum above topography. Based on the reciprocal theorem, Huygens＇ and Fresnel principles, the location of sources and receivers, and regarding the recorded data on the surface as a secondary emission, the sources and receivers are upward-continued to the datum above topography respectively. Thus, the datum correction using joint tomography inversion and wavefield continuation with the condition of a complex near surface is accomplished.     

3D structure of the Earth's crust beneath the northern part of the Bohemian Massif

The SUDETES 2003 wide-angle refraction/reflection experiment covered the area of the south-western Poland and the northern Bohemian Massif. The good quality data that were gathered combined with the data from previous experiments (POLONAISE'97, CELEBRATION 2000) allowed us to prepare a 3D seismic model of the crust and uppermost mantle for this area. We inverted travel times of both refracted and reflected P waves using the JIVE3D package. This allowed us to obtain a model of P-wave velocity distribution as well as the shape of major boundaries in the crust. We also present a detailed uncertainty analysis for both the boundary depths and the velocity field. In doing the uncertainty analysis we found an interesting, strong dependence between uncertainty and inversion scheme (order of used phases). We also compared the model with surface geology and found good correlation between velocity inhomogeneities in the uppermost crust (down to 2 km) and major geological units. The higher velocity lower crust (6.9–7.2 km/s) could result from remelting of the lower crust or magmatic underplating.     

一种扩展的基于结构检测的最优多视极化SAR相干斑滤波算法

全极化数据的可得,使得利用极化散射矩阵以减少多视全极化SAR图像中的相干斑成为了可能。其中,被称为最优的多视极化白化滤波器（MPWF）就是一个典型例子。然而,为提高滤波器参数估计的精度,同时能够自适应的检测图像中的结构特征,在滤波时采用适当的窗算法是必要的。本文提出了两个有效的窗算法,并用1994年NASA SIR-C/X-SAR,L band,经过四视处理的天山森林的极化数据进行了仿真。实验结果表明,这两种算法不仅很好的达到了降噪效果,而且对图像的纹理信息以及结构特征（即边缘特征、线性特征、强散射体特征）的保持效果是最佳的。     

Gibbs sampler by sampling-importance-resampling

Among the Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, the Gibbs sampler has the advantage that it samples from the conditional distributions for each unknown parameter, thus decomposing the sample space. In the case the conditional distributions are not tractable, the Gibbs sampler by means of sampling-importance-resampling is presented here. It uses the prior density function of a Bayesian analysis as the importance sampling distribution. This leads to a fast convergence of the Gibbs sampler as demonstrated by the smoothing with preserving the edges of 3D images of emission tomography.     

SAR图像保留边缘多窗口相干斑滤除方法

在处理合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）图像中,精确地估计图像的局部统计特性和尽可能多地滤除相干斑都需要较大的窗口尺寸,而这与图像边缘和纹理结构的检测需要较小的窗口尺寸相矛盾。一般滤波器都是二者窗口尺寸的均衡,这必然导致二者都不能取得很好的效果。本文提出的新方法有效的解决了这一矛盾。此方法使处理后的ＳＡＲ图像既保存了边缘和纹理结构,避免了以往滤波器中使边缘变模糊的问题,又有效地滤除了相干斑噪声。     

基于多分辨分析的滤波算法在SAR图像斑点噪声消除中的应用

合成孔径雷达 (SAR)图像一般都存在相干噪声 ,对地物信息的提取及 SAR图像应用的干扰非常严重 ,对此许多人提出了不少处理方法 ,并分析对比了多种滤波算法 ,认为改良 K -均值自适应滤波效果最佳。本文中分析了改良 K -均值自适应滤波法的数学基础的局限性 ,并采用了一种基于多分辨分析的滤波算法 ,该算法通过将噪声 (或较小的结构特征 )与较大的结构特征相分离 ,然后滤出噪声 (或较小的结构特征 ) ,从而达到消除斑点噪声的目的。实验结果证明 ,基于多分辨分析的滤波算法在消除 SAR图像的斑点噪声方面优于改良 K -均值自适应滤波法。