基于气象要素的黄河宁夏段流凌密度预报模型

历史上,黄河宁夏段曾多次发生漫滩甚至决堤淹田等重大气象衍生次生灾害,带来严重损失,且大多发生在封河或开河过程中,流凌密度是判断开、封河的重要指标。本研究利用黄河宁夏段2008—2015年气象水文资料,对流凌密度与其前3~7天的气象要素进行多元线性回归和单要素曲线模拟,结果表明:利用气象要素资料开展流凌密度定量化预报可行,模型拟合度较高,可实现基于数值天气预报的黄河凌汛流凌密度预报业务。     

蚁群算法在 InSAR 相位解缠中的应用

相位解缠是InSAR信号处理的关键过程,针对传统的枝切法存在枝切线整体长度过长和容易产生解缠"孤岛"现象等问题,基于蚁群算法提出一种改进的枝切法,通过对传统的枝切线进行优化,有效地减少枝切线长度。采用伊朗Bam地区的InSAR图像数据对算法进行实验计算与分析,表明本文算法所需设置的枝切线整体长度较短,能获得更好的相位解缠效果。     

Seasonal Variability in Circulation Pattern and Residence Time of Suo-Nada

The development and evolution of the persistent counterclockwise circulation in Suo-Nada have been studied in detail using a three-dimensional numerical model. The realistic circulation has been reproduced from the monthly climatological fields of salinity, temperature along the open boundary, wind, heat flux and buoyancy input from twenty-two major rivers surrounding the basin. The seasonal variation of fresh-water discharge from the rivers proved to be the most important forcing mechanism driving the circulation. The expansion and contraction of coastal low salinity water well corresponded with the development of counterclockwise circulation from spring to summer and dissipation from autumn to winter. The circulation was found to be vertically homogenous and quasi-barotropic. However, confined along the coastal zone is an estuarine flow (i.e., oppositely directed currents in the upper and lower layers) whose horizontal dimension conforms to the period of maximum buoyancy flux from the rivers. This indicates that the flow pattern in Suo-Nada can be separated into two distinct regions where the relative dominance of estuarine circulation plays a significant role. Furthermore, the monthly water exchange capacity for autonomous purification of the basin has been evaluated from the average residence time of conservative material based on the calculated current field. It is demonstrated that the kinetic energy of the basin is directly responsible in promoting water exchange in Suo-Nada. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长江口及其邻近海区主要经济虾类的生态研究

本文主要取材于1985—1986年长江口渔业资源试捕调查资料。研究结果表明,分布在长江口海区的虾类,由于受长江冲淡水径流的影响,形成三种生态型:(1)河口半咸水类型,如两种白虾;(2)低盐水类型,如葛氏长臂虾;(3)外侧次高盐水类型,如鹰爪虾和两种仿对虾。代表各生态型虾类,一般具有繁殖期较长的特点,其生命周期可为一年或一年多。虾类体长分布较为复杂,在当年生的幼虾生长期间,秋冬季虾群中常有幼虾和成虾混栖。因而,种群体长分布有两组群体并存。     

Beta Distribution of Surface Elevation of Random Waves

A probability density function (PDF) is derived of beta distribution with both λ3 (skewness) and λ4 (kurtosis) as parameters for weakly nonlinear wave surface elevation by use of a method recently proposed by Srokosz. This PDF not only has a simpler form than the well-known Gram-Charlier Series PDF derived by Longuet-Higgins. but also overcomes an obvious shortcoming of the latter that when the series is unsuitably truncated, the resulting PDF is locally negative. To test the derived beta PDF, laboratorial experiments of wind waves are conducted. The experimental data indicate that the theoretical requirements of the parameters in the beta PDF are fulfilled. The experimental results show that the present PDF is in better agreement with the measured data than the beta PDF only including parameter λ3, and also than the Gram-Charlier Series PDF truncated up to the term of H6.     

风浪状态对海面拖曳系数的影响

通过对四种参数化方法的比较,认为风海雷诺数RB较风速、波龄和波陡能更好地描述拖曳系数CDN。利用分组平均法对CDN与RB关系进行处理,得到最佳的CDN参数化方案。利用COARE3算法测试了四种依赖海况的粗糙长度,与实测结果进行了比较,结果表明CDN与RB的关系式更真实地反映了海-气界面动量交换过程。     

Toward a mechanistic understanding of larval dispersal: insights from genomic fingerprinting of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila

Larval dispersal is critical for the maintenance of species populations in patchy and ephemeral hydrothermal vent habitats. On fast‐spreading ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise, rates of habitat turnover are comparable to estimated lifespans of many of the inhabiting species. Traditionally, dispersal questions have been addressed with two very different approaches, larval studies and population genetics. Population genetic studies of vent‐endemic species have been informative for determining whether patterns of dispersal are suggestive of stepping stone or island models and estimating rates of gene flow (effective migrants per generation) over broad geographic ranges. However, these studies leave fundamental questions unanswered about the specific mechanisms by which larvae disperse and species maintain their populations and biogeographic ranges. With the goal of examining genetic structure and elucidating alternative larval dispersal mechanisms, we employed a genomic DNA fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). To assess the potential utility of AFLPs, and genetic structure of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, genomic ‘fingerprints’ were recovered from 29 individuals from five vent fields spanning a distance of up to c. 5000 km along the East Pacific Rise. In contrast to previous population genetic studies that found little to no genetic structure using allozymes and mitochondrial DNA, genetic analyses of 630 polymorphic AFLP loci identified distinct subclades within R. pachyptila populations. Significant levels of differentiation were observed among populations from all vent regions as well as within each region. Discrete assemblages of tubeworms separated by as little as c. 400 m within a given vent region were genetically distinguishable and cohorts (based on size‐frequency distribution) within an aggregation were found to be most closely related. These results suggest that mechanisms of larval dispersal act to retain cohort fidelity in R. pachyptila.     

Stone mobility and longshore transport at reshaping breakwaters

Physical model tests have been performed in two different wave flumes to analyse the threshold of stone movement and quantify the frequency and length of displacements due to head-on wave attacks at a reshaping breakwater. Data on stone movements were obtained from the observation of cumulative displacements at the end of each wave attack and from video records during the attack. Threshold conditions, frequency of movement and displacement length are expressed as function of a suitably modified stability number.A simple model is defined relating longshore transport due to oblique wave attack to stone mobility. The transport model is based on the assumption that movement statistics is affected by obliquity only through the appropriate mobility index and that stones move during up- and down-rush in the direction of incident and reflected waves. Without any calibration, results compare favourably with experimental data available in literature in the range of low mobility conditions where movement statistics was observed. A calibration is provided in order to obtain an accurate transport formula valid in a wide mobility range i.e. for reshaping breakwaters and up to gravel beaches.     

Current structure and volume transport of the Soya Warm Current in summer

ADCP, CTD and XBT observations were conducted to investigate the current structure and temperature, salinity and density distributions in the Soya Warm Current (SWC) in August, 1998 and July, 2000. The ADCP observations clearly revealed the SWC along the Hokkaido coast, with a width of 30–35 km and an axis of maximum speed of 1.0 to 1.3 ms⁻¹, located at 20–25 km from the coast. The current speed gradually increased from the coast to a maximum and steeply decreased in the offshore direction. The SWC consisted of both barotropic and baroclinic components, and the existence of the baroclinic component was confirmed by both the density front near the current axis and vertical shear of the alongshore current. The baroclinic component strengthened the barotropic component in the upper layer near the axis of the SWC. The volume transport of the SWC was 1.2–1.3 SV in August, 1998 and about 1.5 SV and July, 2000, respectively. Of the total transport, 13 to 15% was taken up by the baroclinic component. A weak southeastward current was found off the SWC. It had barotropic characteristics, and is surmised to be a part of the East Sakhalin Current.