复杂地层高压旋喷护壁堵漏技术的研究与应用

借鉴复杂地层高压旋喷护壁堵漏技术设计了一种带有特殊喷嘴的旋喷钻具,在复杂地层钻进,尤其是多层段复杂地层和深部复杂地层钻进时,泥浆护壁失效的情况下,将该钻具下到复杂孔段,利用泥浆泵将水泥浆液压入,通过旋喷钻具连续旋转喷射出高压水泥浆切割坍（垮）塌孔段孔壁,使不稳定孔壁的破碎岩土崩落掉块与水泥浆混合,候凝后,在坍（垮）塌孔段形成直径不规则的柱状水泥岩土混合体,重新钻穿后,形成有一定强度的“水泥套管”,从而达到同径护壁堵漏的目的。详细介绍了该项技术的旋喷钻具的设计、水泥浆液配方、工艺原理、技术要点、操作要领及生产应用效果。     

Tree species biomass and carbon stock measurement using ground based-LiDAR

This study scrutinises the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to measure diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height at individual tree species level. LiDAR point cloud scans are collected from uniformly defined control points. The result of processed TLS data demonstrates the precise measurements of tree height and DBH by comparing it with field data (DBH, tree height, tree species and location). The average tree height and DBH obtained through TLS measurements were 9.44?m and 43.30?cm, respectively. A linear equation between TLS derived parameters and field measured values were established, which gave the coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.79 and 0.96 for tree height and DBH, respectively. Further, these parameters were used to calculate above ground biomass (AGB) for individual tree species by considering a non-destructive approach. The total AGB and carbon stock from 80 different trees are computed to be 49.601 and 22.320?tonnes, respectively.     

渤海I27H井φ406.4 mm大尺寸井眼对扣打捞技术

钻具落井是石油行业典型的井下事故,一般需要耗费较多的时间和人力、物力来处理,直接影响着油井的命运。通过细致的钻具探伤、检查,保证入井钻具状态良好是预防事故发生的主要手段。但是由于一些客观因素的影响,钻具落井事故仍时有发生。渤海油田某井表层φ406.4 mm井眼钻井过程中发生的底部钻具脱扣落井便是此类事故的典型。在对该井基本情况和事故发生的经过做了简单介绍的基础上,对中浅层大尺寸井眼钻具落井的打捞难点做了说明,给出了可行的打捞方案,最终成功打捞出了落井钻具。     

电缆湿接头在小口径定向孔中的应用

小口径地质勘探不断向深部发展,受地层条件、孔内事故和孔斜要求等因素影响,很多钻孔需要定向钻进施工。而小口径钻孔一般采用φ50、60 mm钻具无法满足随钻仪器的下入要求。通过技术攻关及数次现场试验和改进,研制成功了一套小直径电缆湿接头,较好地解决了小通孔钻杆随钻受控定向钻进的关键技术及难点。具体方案为：把测量探管和传输电缆分开,定向测量探管事先与钻具连接,随钻具下放到预定深度,电缆连接信号上接头由钻杆内腔下入,与探管顶部的信号下接头在钻井液中实现电气连接和信号传输,完成定向作业。该方法在国投新集杨村煤矿DF33断层地面探测及注浆工程和莲塘李井田煤炭勘探中进行了试验并成功应用。具有一定的推广应用价值。     

沿海厚吹填土地层桩基缩径的控制研究

根据现场桩基成孔缩径情况和成孔检测资料,并依据工程勘察报告技术参数,分析了沿海厚吹填土地层钻孔灌注桩缩径原因,以及缩径时间与缩径量之间的对应关系,提出了解决厚层吹填土缩径的方法,一是通过添加膨润土或添加剂,增加泥浆的密度等技术指标,以改善泥浆的固壁性能;另外扩径是另一行之有效的手段,准确控制扩径量尤为重要。通过现场成孔试验及施工资料,比对分析缩径量与时间的对应关系,找出缩径规律,相对准确地得出需要扩径量,为实际工程施工提供参考依据。     

Surfactant effects on the water‐stable aggregation of wettable soils from the continental USA

Surfactants may affect soil structure differently depending upon the soil or the quality of rainfall or irrigation water. This study examined whether the water‐stable aggregation of 11 wettable soils was affected by surfactants and the water in which the soils were sieved. The study also examined whether the wettable soils' water drop penetration time (WDPT) was affected by surfactants, water drop quality, and elapsed time since the surfactants were applied. Two nonionic surfactants and a surfactant‐free water control were sprayed (by misting) upon air‐dry soil, then WDPT was measured 1 and 72 h thereafter. Subsequently, this treated soil was slowly wetted with an aerosol to its water content at a matric potential of ?3 kPa, then immediately sieved for 600 s in water that contained either appreciable or few electrolytes. Water‐stable aggregation, quantified as mean weight diameter (MWD), varied widely among soils, ranging from 0.10 to 1.36 mm. The MWDs were affected (at p = 0.06) by surfactant treatments, depending upon the soil but not sieving water quality. Surfactants affected the MWD of an Adkins loamy sand and Feltham sand, two of the three coarsest‐textured soils. Although WDPTs never exceeded 5 s, depending upon the soil WDPTs were affected by surfactant treatments but not by water drop quality. After surfactant application, WDPTs generally decreased with time for three soils but increased with time for one soil. Findings suggested that surfactants interacted (1) with clay mineralogy to affect MWD and (2) with soluble calcium to affect WDPT for certain soils. Surfactant treatments but not water quality affected both MWD and WDPT for some but not all of 11 wettable, US soils. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

PHYTOPLANKTON,ESPECIALLY DIATOMS,IN THE GUT CONTENTS AND FECES OF TWO PLANTIVOROUS CYPRINIDS-SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

In order to clarify whether the planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp can collect phytoplanktonas small as Cyclotella(<20μm)in Donghu Lake,studies on phytoplankton in their gut contents and feceswere made in 1990.The fish were cultured in both net cage in Donghu Lake and aquaria with the lakewater.Past the intestine,the average valve diameter of Cyclotella changed little.The average ratio of emptyfrustule of Cyclotella to total Cyclotella in the foregut contents of the fishes were 1.8—1.9 times higherthan that in the lake water,but changed little from foregut to feces.The aquarium experiment showedthat both carps could collect particles as small as 8-10μm, which was obviously narrower than the dis-tance between their gill rakers.Probably,secretion of mucus plays an important role in collecting suchsmall particles     

古地磁欧拉极及对华北地块的应用

本文详细讨论了古地磁欧拉最佳小圆拟合法的基本原理和实际方法，并提出了提高拟合速度和优度的措施，同时利用此方法对前人取得的华北地块中石炭世至晚侏罗世这一时间的古地磁视极移曲线进行了最佳小圆拟合。     

华北地块南缘向北的薄皮推覆构造及北秦岭加里东造山作用

通过对华北地块南缘向北的薄皮推覆构造及北秦岭构造带结构、构造特征分析，认为它们同属于加里东期造山作用产物。北秦岭属于加里东造山带根带（即核部），华北地块南缘小秦岭（及豫西）地区属于该期造山带的外带，渭北褶皱隆起区则属于其前锋冲断褶带。秦岭造山带现今几何模型是一个复合型不对称扇状大陆造山带。     

上海软土地区大直径钻孔灌注桩承载力偏低原因浅析

就上海软土地区大直径(设计直径≥800mm)钻孔灌注桩承载力普遍低于按规范计算的极限承载力的原因进行了分析,认为大直径尺寸效应、编制规范时引用的资料存在一定的局限性以及成桩工艺时间长短等对大直径钻孔灌注桩承载力充分发挥都有不同程度的影响。建议在设计取值时,以取f_i和f_p的低限值为宜;同时,施工队伍应加强管理,缩短成桩时间;并应视具体情况适当增大泥浆比重。