牙轮钻头直径的计算

采用求极值来计算牙轮钻头的直径，给出了牙轮钻头直径的计算公式，并分别对有移轴及无移轴牙轮钻头直径的计算进行了分析。     

Particle size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter

The effective ice crystal particle diameter (De) of cirrus clouds can be inferred by comparing the measured radar / lidar backscattering ratio with the theoretically calculated one. The calculated ratios are based upon assump-tions of ice crystal particle density and size distribution, and it will be affected by the artificially assumed particle size ranges. This size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter will be investigated theoretically by assuming the cirrus ice particle spherical and particle density of 0.9g / cm3. Results show that the truncation at large particle end has very small effect on the inference of De , but the truncation at the small particle end will have some ef-fect on the inference of De.     

On the last explosions of carbonatite pipe G3b, Gross Brukkaros, Namibia

 Pipe G3b is part of the Upper Cretaceous carbonatitic Gross Brukkaros Volcanic Field in southern Namibia. The pipe represents the root zone of a diatreme and is located 2800 m west of the rim of Gross Brukkaros, a downsag caldera. The pipe is exposed approximately 550 m below the original Upper Cretaceous land surface. It cuts down into its own feeder dyke, 0.3 m thick. The pipe coalesced from two small pipes and in plan view is 19 m long and 12 m wide. It consists of fragmented Cambrian Nama quartzites and shales of the Fish River subgroup. Despite intensive brecciation, the stratigraphic sequence of the country rocks is almost preserved in the pipe. In addition, the feeder dyke became fragmented too and can be traced in a 2- to 3-m-wide zone full of carbonatite blocks along the southern margin of the pipe. The void space of the breccia is 30–50% in volume. Finally, after the disruption of country rocks and feeder dyke, a little carbonatite magma intruded some of the void space. The breccia of pipe G3b is considered to represent a root zone at the transition from the feeder dyke into a diatreme above. Formation of the breccia required a shock wave thought to have been associated with a last explosion of the diatreme immediately above the present level of exposure. The explosion can be shown to have been phreatomagmatic in origin. Received: 11 October 1996 / Accepted: 6 March 1997     

Salt marsh cliff stability in the oosterschelde

Salt marsh cliff erosion in the Oosterschelde, due to basal scour and small-scale failure, was monitored during a two-year period using reference stakes. The composite marsh cliffs have a cantilever profile. Their stability is evaluated from beam failure analysis. A model is proposed, in which the cantilever weight is taken as the motive force; the major resistive force is the tensile strength. By substituting height, undermining width and soil mechanical properties of the cliff in the model, one can identify the cliffs that are likely to fail. Salt marsh cliffs, which combine a large tensile strength due to roots at the top of the profile with a large compressive stress at the cliff base due to the sandy texture of the subsoil, display the highest resistance to beam failure. The critical cliff dimensions, observed in the field, correspond with the values calculated from the proposed model of beam failure.     

大口径金刚石取心钻头的研究及应用

在φ615mm大口径金刚石取心钻头中，采用了金刚石钻齿这一新的技术方案，介绍了钻齿结构及镶焊技术。经在黄河古贤水利枢纽坝址勘探中应用，取得了较好效果。     

Gully retreat in a semi-urban catchment in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Slope instability has been an on-going problem along the South Saskatchewan River within the city of Saskatoon, and has adversely affected private property, bridge foundations, and municipal roads and services. Wooded declivities were present prior to urban de velopment, but changes in drainage patterns associated with construction of an urban park about 30 years ago have resulted in pronounced gullying. Morphometric measurements of two gullies conducted from 1994 to 2000 showed that their headwalls have retreated approximately 7 and 19 m, respectively, with accompanying widening and deepening of the features. The process of retreat is driven largely by the seasonal precipitation regime; it mainly occurs after heavy summer rainstorms, although freeze–thaw activity during snowmelt and subsurface flow are also implicated. Retreat is further controlled by the inherent strength of the root mat that binds the surface soils until the undercut trees finally collapse. Surface runoff through the gullies recently has been redirected through a storm sewer that is designed to mitigate the erosion problem.     

有限供水对冬小麦根系生长发育的影响及其对底墒的利用特征

试验在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地人工控制农田水分试验场进行。在底墒充足的条件下采用三种水分处理:I₁拔节期一次性供水75 mm; I₂返青期供水37.5 mm, 拔节期供水37.5 mm; I_CK生长季内无水分供应。生育期内遮去自然降水。试验结果表明, I₁处理由于有充足的底墒配合有限水分胁迫, 有助于减少冬小麦表土层 (0~30 cm) 的根生物量, 增加根系干物质向土壤深层分配, 挖掘深层土壤水分, 提高了土壤水供应量和有效底墒供水率.另外, I₁处理增加了需水关键期的有效蒸腾耗水比例, 提高了水分利用效率.虽然由于前期的水分胁迫降低了I₁处理总穗数, 但由于增加了籽粒数和籽粒重, 产量反而有所增加。     

A GIS-Based Model to Determine Site Suitability of Emergency Evacuation Shelters

In recent years, the increase in the number of hurricanes and other costal hazards in the US pose a tremendous threat to the residents of coastal states. According to the National Hurricane Center, Florida is the most vulnerable coastal state to hurricanes. Mitigation policies have been formulated to reduce mortality and provide emergency services by evacuating people from the hazard zone. Many of these evacuees, particularly the elderly or lower income populations, rely on evacuation shelters for temporary housing. Because of the cost and limited use, evacuation shelters are almost exclusively dual use shelters where the primary purpose of the facility is for some other public function (e.g. school, hospital, etc.). In 2000, the estimated shortage of public shelter spaces in Florida was about 1.5 million. The purpose of this study was to rank the existing and candidate shelters (schools, colleges, churches and community centers) available in the state based on their site suitability. The research questions examined in this study include: (1) How many candidate shelters are located in physically suitable areas (e.g. not in a flood prone area, not near hazardous facilities, etc.)?; (2) How many existing shelters are located in physically un suitable areas, but in socially suitable areas (situated in areas with demand)?; (3) How many alternative existing and/or candidate shelters with high/very high physical suitability are located near physically un suitable existing shelters and thus, may be better choices for a shelter?; and (4) How many existing shelters located in physically un suitable areas are not near alternative existing and/or candidate shelters? A Geographic Information System‐based suitability model integrating Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) with a Pass/Fail screening technique was implemented for the 17 counties of Southern Florida. It was found that 48% of the existing shelters are located in physically unsuitable areas. Out of all the candidate shelters, 57% are located in physically unsuitable areas. For 15 of the existing shelters in unsuitable locations, no alternative candidate or existing shelter with medium to high physical suitability exists within 10 miles (16.1 km).     

FGC－15型大直径单头潜孔锤钻具系统研制

大直径单头潜孔锤与三通道气水龙头、主动钻杆、三通道钻杆、加重导正器配套，可实现大直径潜孔锤碎岩钻进、泵吸反循环排渣、泥浆护壁、压气闭路循环等相结合的先进钻进工艺，是解决大直径硬质基岩及卵砾石钻进的有效机具。文中介绍了钻具研制过程及设计内容。     

STONE COVER ON DESERT HILLSLOPES: EXTENT OF BIAS IN DIAMETERS ESTIMATED FROM GRID SAMPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR BIAS CORRECTION

Grid-based samples of surface stone covers are widely employed for the determination of grain properties such as mean diameter. However, this method has an inherent bias that is related to clast size. Studies failing to correct for this effect have inadvertently reported stone diameters weighted by the area that each stone exposed on the sampling plane. Monte Carlo methods are used to generate and sample synthetic veneers of surface stones, like those found on many dryland hillslopes, but having pre-determined population distribution characteristics. Uncorrected grid samples from such stone veneers are shown to yield estimates of mean diameter that are in error by up to several hundred per cent. Formulae are provided which permit accuracy of a few per cent to be obtained with samples of 100–300 stones. Slightly larger samples are required accurately to estimate edge length- and area-weighted mean diameters than for traditional volume-weighted means.