汉源大渡河大桥巨厚砂层大直径灌注桩施工技术

汉源大树大渡河大桥2号桥墩12根钻孔灌注桩,钻孔直径2500 mm,钻孔深度为63~75 m不等,桩径大,桩孔深,属于河水位以下的巨厚砂层桩基,具有一定的施工难度。2号墩基岩上覆覆盖层存在多层砂土及卵石夹土（质土）,且砂层巨厚,在11.5~49.4 m之间除厚5.5 m的卵石夹土外均为砂土,对桩基成孔施工极为不利。采用冲击钻进成孔,泥浆净化除渣系统,通过对钻头直径的控制、内护筒的使用、灌注时导管埋深的控制等措施,确保了工程的顺利完工。相关技术措施可为其他类似工程提供借鉴。     

Biogeomorphological influence of slope processes and sedimentology on vascular talus vegetation in the southern Cascades, California

The vascular vegetation of alpine talus slopes between 2035 and 3095 m altitude was studied at Lassen Volcanic National Park (California) in the Cascade Range. Taluses show a diverse flora, with 79 plant species; growth forms include coniferous trees, shrubs, suffrutices, herbs, graminoids, and ferns. Spatial patterns of plant distribution were studied along 40 point-intercept transects. Plant cover was low (0-32.7%) on all slopes, spatially variable, and showed no consistent trends. Sedimentological characteristics were determined by photosieving next to 1500 plants; this census indicated preferential plant growth on blocks and cobbles, with 43.2% and 23.3% of the plants growing on these stones, respectively; fewer specimens were rooted on pebbles (13%) or on stone-free gravel areas (20.5%). Growth forms displayed different substrate preferences: 92.5% of the shrubs and 83% of the suffrutices colonized blocks or cobbles, but only 57.2% of the herbs and 59.8% of the graminoids grew on large stones. Plants are associated with large clasts because (1) coarse talus is more stable than fine sediment areas, which are more frequently disturbed by various geomorphic processes, and (2) large stones help conserve substrate water beneath them while moisture quickly evaporates from fine debris.Root patterns were studied for 30 plant species; 10 specimens for each species were excavated and inspected, and several root growth ratios calculated. All species exhibited pronounced root asymmetry, as roots for most plants grew upslope from their shoot base. For 23 species, all specimens had 100% of their roots growing upslope; for the other 7 species, 92.2-99.3% of below-ground biomass extended uphill. This uneven root distribution is ascribed to continual substrate instability and resulting talus shift; as cascading debris progressively buries roots and stems, plants are gradually pushed and/or stretched downhill. Various disturbance events affect root development. Slope erosion following rubble removal often exposes plant roots. Debris deposition can completely bury plants; some may survive sedimentation, producing new shoots that grow through accumulated debris. Shrubs may propagate by layering, as adventitious roots develop along buried stems; or produce new clones along their roots. Slope processes may damage and transport plant pieces downhill; some species can sprout from severed, displaced root or stem fragments. Vegetation interacts with several geomorphic processes, including debris flows, grain flows, rockfall, snow avalanches, frost creep, and runoff. Larger plants may alter local patterns of debris movement and deposition, damming cascading debris on their upslope side and deflecting sediments laterally to plant margins, where they form narrow elongated stone stripes.     

双管双动取心钻具异径接头的改进

介绍了在河北衡水水文地质科学钻探中对双管双动取心钻具异径接头所做的改进及取得的效果。     

一起大直径深孔复杂事故处理实践

着重论述了一起大直径深孔卡埋钻复杂事故的处理,对事故发生过程和处理方法等作了详细的阐述,总结了一些经验和体会。     

大口径特殊工程钻孔套管事故原因及对策

大口径特殊工程钻孔近几年在煤矿安全生产中应用越来越广泛,而大口径特殊工程钻孔在施工中套管挤毁事故时有发生,就事故发生原因进行了分析和研究,并根据套管事故案例的共性问题提出了相应的技术措施。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘供水井质量恶化原因分析及对策

作为极度缺水的鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘地区,针对白垩系含水地层采水的供水井很多,但供水井水质恶化和水量减小的现象较为普遍,其原因主要是井身结构严重不合理所致。通过对造成供水井质量恶化的原因分析,找出了止水方法的不合理性与泥岩缩径造成井身变形而致水量减小的问题实质,提出了科学合理的成井方案,从而有效地解决了供水井质量恶化问题,提高了供水井使用寿命。     

大口径注氮孔施工工艺

瓦斯是煤炭安全生产的重大隐患之一,向煤层气中压注阻燃性强的氮气或液态氮来压挤瓦斯,再从钻孔抽采,能有效降低煤层中的瓦斯含量,提高煤炭生产的安全性。而注氮孔是连接地面和巷道并向煤层中压注氮气的通道,要求口径大,垂直度高,保护巷道不被破坏等等,这些都是钻探施工的难点。结合成功范例,论述了大口径注氮孔的施工工艺。     

SH25H型液压风动冲击钻机在大口径硬岩钻孔灌注桩施工中的试验研究

根据京沪高速铁路徐州东站大口径嵌岩灌注桩工程,试制SH25H型液压风动冲击钻机？采用气动潜孔锤空气正循环组合钻进工艺,结合捞砂桶排渣,摸索总结出一套针对硬岩地层的干式成孔新方法,钻进效率及钻孔质量显著提高,为大直径成孔施工增添了一种新的方法。     

白水煤矿煤矸石基本性能研究与分析

通过对白水煤矿煤矸石进行外观分类、化学组成、矿物成分分析和X衍射分析将其分为5种不同外型的煤矸石,其中,第Ⅲ类矸石属于高岭石质矸石黏土岩类矸石,其矿物相主要包括石英、高岭石、伊利石和少量的黄铁矿。实验研究不同类别矸石的粒径范围、陈化时间等对原材料塑性的影响表明:降低原料最大粒径,可以提高塑性,当粒径从-1.0 mm降低到-0.1 mm时,Ⅰ类矸石塑性指数IP提高了6.9;Ⅱ类矸石的IP提高了10.8;Ⅲ类矸石的IP提高了5.6;延长陈化时间,可以提高煤矸石的塑性,当陈化时间3 d时,陈化时间对塑性的贡献明显,当陈化时间4 d,陈化时间对塑性的贡献甚小。据此认为除第Ⅲ类煤矸石不适合制砖以外,其他矸石均可作为制备绿色墙体保温砌块的原材料,混合破碎至-0.5 mm,陈化3天,适合制备绿色墙体保温砌块的需要。     

大直径桩桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力综合分析

为了分析桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力对大直径桩承载力的影响,通过桩基现场静载试验,获得各级荷载作用下各土层交接面处的桩身应力应变值,计算出不同土层间每1m桩身段的压缩量和侧摩阻力值。实验结果表明：各土层间桩侧摩阻力实测最大值与勘察报告值之比差别较大,其中上部土层问的摩阻力比值较小,下部比值较大。上部土层桩侧摩阻力在各级荷载作用下变化不大,而下部土层桩侧摩阻力随荷载逐级递增。由于压缩量是反映材料受力变形的物理量,虽然下部土层的摩阻力实测值与报告值比值较大,但其桩身压缩量较小,因而可以判断侧摩阻力发挥程度并估算其极限值。大直径桩的承载力主要是由侧摩阻力来提供的,因此可以通过桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力的综合分析为石家庄乃至河北地区的大直径桩承载力确定提供有价值的参考。