The nation-state and the river: Spaces and times on Dutch rivers, 1795-1814

Nothing indeed demonstrates more forcefully the extent to which Dutch water management corresponds to the nature and the needs of the Dutch people and their land, and how it has emerged there from in a natural fashion than the fact that the revolutionaries of 1795, despite being so intoxicated by their unexpected victory and sudden power that they overturned everything … nonetheless refrained from laying hands on institutions whose extreme antiquity would in those days have provided more of an excuse to abolish than to preserve them (J.W. Welcker, De Noorder-Lekdijk Bovendams en de doorsteking van den Zuider-Lekdijk bij Culemborg 1803-1813. Een bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van den Nederlandschen Waterstaat geschetst en met onuitgegeven stukken toegelicht (‘s-Gravenhage: 1880), p. 2).     

Fluvial diversity in relation to valley setting in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

The spatial distribution of valley setting （laterally-unconfined, partly-confined, or confined） and fluvial morphology in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers is contrasted and analyzed. The source region of the Yangtze River is divided into 3 broad sections （I, II and III） based on valley setting and channel gradient, with the upstream and downstream sections being characterized by confined （some reaches partly-confined） valleys while the middle section is characterized with wide and shallow, laterally-unconfined valleys. Gorges are prominent in sections I and III, while braided channel patterns dominate section II. By contrast, the source region of the Yellow River is divided into 5 broad sections （sections I-V） based on valley characteristics and channel gradient. Sections I, II and IV are alluvial reaches with mainly laterally-unconfined （some short reaches partly-confined） valleys. Sections III and V are mainly confined or partly-confined. Greater morphological diversity is evident in the source region of the Yellow River relative to the upper Yangtze River. This includes braided, anabranching, anastomosing, meandering and straight alluvial patterns, with gorges in confined reaches. The macro-relief （elevation, gradient, aspect, valley alignment and confinement） of the region, linked directly to tectonic movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tied to climatic, hydrologic and biotic considerations, are primary controls upon the patterns of river diversity in the region.     

Evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India–Asia collision: Rivers draining north from the Pamir syntaxis

During uplift of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding ranges, tectonic processes have interacted with climatic change and with local random effects (such as landslides) to determine the development of the major river systems of Asia. Rivers draining northward from the Pamir syntaxis have three distinctive patterns that are controlled by different tectonic and climatic regimes. West of the Pamir, the rivers have moderate but irregular gradients and drain northwards to disappear into arid depressions. Relatively steady uplift of the Hindu Kush in northern Afghanistan allowed rivers to cut across the rising ranges, modified by the shear along the Harirud fault zone, local faulting, and by increasing rain-shadow effects from the rising Makran. In the transition to the Pamir the rivers have steeper but more even gradients suggesting more even flow and downcutting during uplift, possibly related to larger glacial sources. In the central Pamir, only one antecedent river, the Pyandzh appears to have kept its northward course with compression and uplift of the indenter, and its course strangely corresponds with a major geophysical boundary (a distorted subducted slab) but not a geological boundary: the other rivers are subsequent rivers developed along deformation fronts during development and northward displacements of the Pamir structural units. The above areas have sources north of the Cretaceous Karakorum–South Pamir Andean margin. On the eastern flank of the Pamir, in the Kunlun and northern Tibetan plateau, the rivers rise similarly north of the Cretaceous Andean margin of southern Tibet, but then flow with low gradients across the plateau, before cutting and plunging steeply down across the Kunlun to disappear into the arid Tarim. These steep profiles are the result of late Neogene uplift of the northern Tibetan plateau and Kunlun possibly modified by glacial diversion and river capture. The drainage history of the Pamir indenter can be reconstructed by restoring the gross movements of the plates and the tectonic displacements, uplift, and erosion of individual tectonic units. Most important changes in drainage took place in the last 10 million years, late Miocene to Quaternary times, as the Pamir syntaxis developed.     

川西稻城地区竹鸡顶铜矿床花岗细晶岩的特征及其成矿意义

竹鸡顶铜矿是中国西南＂三江＂多金属成矿带的典型铜矿床,矿体主要产于花岗细晶岩体内,目前已圈定3个规模较大的含铜矿花岗细晶岩体,铜矿最高品位达11.42%。花岗细晶岩体微量元素表现为Rb、Th、U等低场强元素含量相对富集,而Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti则明显亏损,为轻稀土元素富集型,呈现中等负Eu异常的特点。认为该区岩浆可能起源于中下地壳,形成于滞后型火山弧环境。围岩蚀变特征及次生氧化带的垂直分带特征均显示出类斑岩型铜矿床的特征,Cu-Mo综合异常明显较弱,而Pb-Zn综合异常相对较强,推断竹鸡顶铜矿为热液-斑岩型铜矿床,地表处于含矿斑岩体的顶部,主矿体可能还有一定的埋藏深度。矿床除铜富集外,可能还有锌、铋、钴、砷等的富集。     

The effect of relative surface roughness on scour dimensions at the edge of horizontal apron

Roughened horizontal aprons are bed covering scour countermeasures constructed downstream of stilling basins and other places where scour hole may develop. In these cases scour occurs at the edge of the apron which can lead to failure of the apron. In the present study, 24 experimental tests were carried out on four different aprons with (2, 5, 10 and 14.28 mm) roughness heights and two different bed material sizes of 0.8 and 1.4 mm under different flow conditions. The results indicated that as the roughness height of apron increases, a significant reduction in the scour depth occurs.     

An index to assess hydromorphological quality of Estonian surface waters based on macroinvertebrate taxonomic composition

We developed an index (MESH – Macroinvertebrates in Estonia: Score of Hydromorphology) to assess hydromorphological quality of Estonian surface waters based on macroinvertebrate taxonomic composition. The MESH is an average score based on the affinities of selected indicator taxa to flow velocity and bottom type. As both parameters were highly correlated (r = 0.65) indicator response to both parameters were combined. The list of MESH indicators includes 394 freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa derived from 3282 samples collected from rivers and lakes during 1985–2009. The indicators were selected out of 690 taxa, by applying the information-theoretical Kullback–Leibler divergence. The individual scores of macroinvertebrates range from 0 to 3, the higher scores indicating faster flow and/or solid bottom substrate. For standing waters, flow velocity was always considered zero. Among the reference waterbodies, mean MESH was the highest for small streams followed by middle streams, large streams, and lakes. In lakes with medium water hardness (the prevailing type in Estonia), the MESH decreased gradually from stony to muddy bottom. The highest MESH values for standing waters were observed in the stony surf zone of very large lakes (area > 100 km²). The lowest values occurred for small lakes with exceptional hydrochemical characteristics (soft- and darkwater, and calcareous types). Similarly, MESH indicated stream degradation by damming. Mean MESH in reservoirs with a muddy bottom was significantly lower than in reservoirs with a hard bottom, or in unregulated stream sections.     

基于SPOT-5影像的凤县河流水资源分布研究

以SPOT-5影像为数据源,采用遥感监督分类方法提取凤县河流水资源,运用RS和GIS手段相结合的方法研究凤县河流水资源分布情况,再结合相关农业统计数据,研究河流水资源分布状况与当地农业灌溉条件之间的关系和河流流域面积长度比与水灾发生情况的关系.     

Tectonic geomorphology of the Mississippi Valley between Osceola, Arkansas and Friars Point, Mississippi

A geomorphic study of the Mississippi River and its alluvial valley between Osceola, Arkansas and Friars Point, Mississippi has identified anomalous surface features that can be linked to known geological structures. For example, relatively recent deformation along Big Creek fault zone, White River fault zone, Bolivar-Mansfield tectonic zone, Blytheville Arch, Crittenden County fault zone, and Reelfoot Rift margins is suggested by river and topographic anomalies. Faults and plutons appear to affect drainage networks, and the morphology of Crowleys Ridge suggests significant fault control. The many anomalies probably reflect a fractured suballuvial surface. Although movement along these fractures will most likely occur in seismically active areas, the probability of movement elsewhere     

近30年三江源地区湖泊变化图谱与面积变化

以近30年的40景Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+、CBERS CCD遥感影像为数据源,采用植被指数法结合人工目视解译,分为四个时期对三江源地区湖泊进行了遥感水体检测.选取面积在15km2以上、总面积占研究区湖泊总面积的90%左右的24个湖泊作为典型湖泊,建立该地区湖泊的变化图谱,并引入湖泊萎缩强度指数对湖泊的面积变化及空间分布特征进行分析.结果表明,以第三时期(1999-2002年)为界,这24个湖泊总体上经历了先萎缩后扩张的过程,且萎缩的程度大于扩张的程度,近30年来湖泊总面积缩小了65.76km2.本文研究结论可为三江源地区对气候变化响应研究提供参考,并对区域水资源合理利用提供科学依据.     

Defining a disturbance gradient in a Middle-Eastern River Basin

A physical, chemical and biological characterization of river systems is needed to evaluate their ecological quality and support restoration programs. Herein, we describe an approach using water chemistry, physical structure and land use for identification of a disturbance gradient existing in the Karun River Basin. For this purpose, at each site, physical structure and physico-chemical data were collected once in each season for a total of 4 samples during the period (October 2018 - September 2019). Principal components analysis (PCA) of 17 variables identified five variables that were influential across all seasons: conductivity, total habitat score, stream morphology, clay & silt, and sand. Of the 54 sites, 14, 26 and 14 sites were classified as least, moderate and most disturbed sites, respectively. The metric Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa was used for validation of the classification. Results in different seasons showed that all the least disturbed sites (n = 14) were significantly different from moderate and most disturbed sites (p < 0.01). In this study the validation process presented good confirmation of a priori reference sites selection, showing that the proposed criteria could be considered as appropriate tools for characterization of the existent disturbance gradient in the Karun River Basin.