Biomorphological scaling laws from convectively accelerated streams

Worldwide convectively accelerated streams flowing in downstream-narrowing river sections show that riverbed vegetation growing on alluvial sediment bars gradually disappears, forming a front beyond which vegetation is absent. We revise a recently proposed analytical model able to predict the expected longitudinal position of the vegetation front. The model was developed considering the steady state approximation of 1-D ecomorphodynamics equations. While the model was tested against flume experiments, its extension and application to the field is not trivial as it requires the definition of proper scaling laws governing the observed phenomenon. In this work, we present a procedure to calculate vegetation parameters and flow magnitude governing the equilibrium at the reach scale between hydromorphological and biological components in rivers with converging boundaries. We collected from worldwide rivers data of section topography, hydrogeomorphological and riparian vegetation characteristics to perform a statistical analysis aimed to validate the proposed procedure. Results are presented in the form of scaling laws correlating biological parameters of growth and decay from different vegetation species to flood return period and duration, respectively. Such relationships demonstrate the existence of underlying selective processes determining the riparian vegetation both in terms of species and cover. We interpret the selection of vegetation species from ecomorphodynamic processes occurring in convectively accelerated streams as the orchestrated dynamic action of flow, sediment and vegetation characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying erosional equilibrium across a slowly eroding,soil mantled landscape

The textbook concept of an equilibrium landscape, which posits that soil production and erosion are balanced and equal channel incision, is rarely quantified for natural systems. In contrast to mountainous, rapidly eroding terrain, low relief and slow-eroding landscapes are poorly studied despite being widespread and densely inhabited. We use three field sites along a climosequence in South Africa to quantify very slow (2-5 m/My) soil production rates that do not vary across hillslopes or with climate. We show these rates to be indistinguishable from spatially invariant catchment-average erosion rates while soil depth and chemical weathering increase strongly with rainfall across our sites. Our analyses imply landscape-scale equilibrium although the dominant means of denudation varies from physical weathering in dry climates to chemical weathering in wet climates. In the two wetter sites, chemical weathering is so significant that clay translocates both vertically in soil columns and horizontally down hillslope catenas, resulting in particle size variation and the accumulation of buried stone lines at the clay-rich depth. We infer hundred-thousand-year residence times of these stone lines and suggest that bioturbation by termites plays a key role in exhuming sediment into the mobile soil layer from significant depths below the clay layer. Our results suggest how tradeoffs in physical and chemical weathering, potentially modulated by biological processes, shape slowly eroding, equilibrium landscapes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction of wind and cold-season hydrologic processes on erosion from complex topography following wildfire in sagebrush steppe

Wildfire is a natural component of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe rangelands that induces temporal shifts in plant community physiognomy, ground surface conditions, and erosion rates. Fire alteration of the vegetation structure and ground cover in these ecosystems commonly amplifies soil losses by wind- and water-driven erosion. Much of the fire-related erosion research for sagebrush steppe has focused on either erosion by wind over gentle terrain or water-driven erosion under high-intensity rainfall on complex topography. However, many sagebrush rangelands are geographically positioned in snow-dominated uplands with complex terrain in which runoff and sediment delivery occur primarily in winter months associated with cold-season hydrology. Current understanding is limited regarding fire effects on the interaction of wind- and cold-season hydrologic-driven erosion processes for these ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated fire impacts on vegetation, ground cover, soils, and erosion across spatial scales at a snow-dominated mountainous sagebrush site over a 2-year period post-fire. Vegetation, ground cover, and soil conditions were assessed at various plot scales (8 m² to 3.42 ha) through standard field measures. Erosion was quantified through a network of silt fences (n = 24) spanning hillslope and side channel or swale areas, ranging from 0.003 to 3.42 ha in size. Sediment delivery at the watershed scale (129 ha) was assessed by suspended sediment samples of streamflow through a drop-box v-notch weir. Wildfire consumed nearly all above-ground live vegetation at the site and resulted in more than 60% bare ground (bare soil, ash, and rock) in the immediate post-fire period. Widespread wind-driven sediment loading of swales was observed over the first month post-fire and extensive snow drifts were formed in these swales each winter season during the study. In the first year, sediment yields from north- and south-facing aspects averaged 0.99–8.62 t ha⁻¹ at the short-hillslope scale (~0.004 ha), 0.02–1.65 t ha⁻¹ at the long-hillslope scale (0.02–0.46 ha), and 0.24–0.71 t ha⁻¹ at the swale scale (0.65–3.42 ha), and watershed scale sediment yield was 2.47 t ha⁻¹. By the second year post fire, foliar cover exceeded 120% across the site, but bare ground remained more than 60%. Sediment yield in the second year was greatly reduced across short- to long-hillslope scales (0.02–0.04 t ha⁻¹), but was similar to first-year measures for swale plots (0.24–0.61 t ha⁻¹) and at the watershed scale (3.05 t ha⁻¹). Nearly all the sediment collected across all spatial scales was delivered during runoff events associated with cold-season hydrologic processes, including rain-on-snow, rain-on-frozen soils, and snowmelt runoff. Approximately 85–99% of annual sediment collected across all silt fence plots each year was from swales. The high levels of sediment delivered across hillslope to watershed scales in this study are attributed to observed preferential loading of fine sediments into swale channels by aeolian processes in the immediate post-fire period and subsequent flushing of these sediments by runoff from cold-season hydrologic processes. Our results suggest that the interaction of aeolian and cold-season hydrologic-driven erosion processes is an important component for consideration in post-fire erosion assessment and prediction and can have profound implications for soil loss from these ecosystems. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多油层分层参数测试新方法研究与实践

针对传统的压力恢复/压力降落试井方法存在的测试时间长、影响油井产量、难以获得分层地层参数等缺陷,将生产测井的流量流压资料应用到试井领域,提出了变流量法、流量-压力波动曲线法两种多油层试井新方法,实现了在油井正常生产的情况下,求取井下各小层的地层压力、渗透率、污染系数等分层地层参数,较好地解决了多层合采油井的分层参数测试难题。详细地阐述了两种多油层试井新方法的测试原理,并列举了其现场应用情况。      

产业集群与传统制造业竞争力提升——以天津自行车产业为例

与技术、资本相比,生产组织形式的选择和创新日益成为全球经济条件下企业、产业和区域国际竞争力提升的重要决定因素。对于传统制造业来说,通过集群生产方式构建地方性生产网络对国家或区域制造业的发展和国际竞争力的提升具有十分重要的战略意义。天津自行车产业的发展表现为生产组织方式的创新和演进过程,即、由计划经济时代的“大而全”和“小而全”的高度纵向一体化的生产组织向“专业化＋网络化”的集群式生产组织方式转变,产业竞争力的提升得益于地方生产网络的构建。文章通过这一案例研究,探讨如何利用这次生产组织方式的变革和演进中隐藏的潜在后发优势,提升我国传统制造业的国际竞争力。     

天文大潮对南海北部浮游动物生物量的影响

基于2020年8月至11月在南海北部获取的声学多普勒流速剖面仪观测数据,利用后向散射强度数据估算得到相对体积散射强度并用其表征浮游动物生物量的相对大小,对相对体积散射强度的半月变化与具有半月周期的潮流动能进行相关性分析,进而分析天文大潮对声学估算的浮游动物生物量的影响。结果表明：半月周期的相对体积散射强度与潮流动能之间呈负相关关系,即天文大潮时,潮流动能较强,水体相对体积散射强度较低,浮游动物生物量则较小,天文小潮时则情况相反。初步推测其原因为：天文大潮时,强潮流一方面导致浮游动物生存环境恶化,使其生物量下降,另一方面也改变了浮游动物垂直迁移特性,浮游动物迁移到近海底处使其难以被观测。     

山东省西北部中低温地热田层状热储地热资源储量计算方法探讨

鲁西北地热田层状热储中的地下热水,是深层承压水。用热储法计算鲁西北地热田状热储的可采资源量不符合中低温地下热水的运动规律。作者经过多年的地热勘察研究实践,结合鲁西北地热田的勘察研究程度实际．经过深思熟虑的理论思考和对未来区域地质环境未雨绸缪的分析预测,有的放矢地提出符合深层承压水运动规律的层状热储地下热水可采资源量的计算方法。     

基于“定体积法”的大佛寺井田煤储层稳产阶段动态含气量反演

含气量是影响煤层气井生产的关键参数,但是,多数煤层气井无法直接获得目标煤层含气量,且解吸法测定的低阶煤储层含气量误差较大。文章以大佛寺井田煤层含气量动态变化特征为研究目标,结合煤层气井排采数据对煤储层参数动态的同步反馈,采用“定体积法”分析煤层气井排采数据,进行4#煤储层实时含气量的动态反演。结果表明：（1）设定多个原始含气量,实时含气量随时间变化呈线性递减关系,且下降趋势一致,皆能得到实时含气量变化线性斜率相同的结果：产气量与含气量消耗同步,且与生产时间间隔无关。（2）分析1 d、3 d、5 d的不同时间步长,设定原始含气量分别为2 m3/t、3 m3/t、4 m3/t、5 m3/t、6 m3/t、8 m3/t时,煤储层实时含气量变化关系高度一致,认为煤层气井遵循“定体积”产气规律,即不存在压降漏斗的形成与扩展。（3）连续排采阶段,实时含气量与排采时间呈线性降低关系,排采间断前后两个阶段煤储层实时含气量线性降低速率不同：为-0.00546和 -0.00435;第二阶段较第一阶段实时含气量变化斜率减小,是因为排采过程产生煤粉,堵塞阻碍块煤的解吸作用,造成储层伤害,能够解吸的煤层体积缩小。     

Woody vegetation cover,height and biomass at 25-m resolution across Australia derived from multiple site,airborne and satellite observations

Detailed spatial information on the presence and properties of woody vegetation serves many purposes, including carbon accounting, environmental reporting and land management. Here, we investigated whether machine learning can be used to combine multiple spatial observations and training data to estimate woody vegetation canopy cover fraction (‘cover’), vegetation height (‘height’) and woody above-ground biomass dry matter (‘biomass’) at 25-m resolution across the Australian continent, where possible on an annual basis. We trained a Random Forest algorithm on cover and height estimates derived from airborne LiDAR over 11 regions and inventory-based biomass estimates for many thousands of plots across Australia. As predictors, we used annual geomedian Landsat surface reflectance, ALOS/PALSAR L-band radar backscatter mosaics, spatial vegetation structure data derived primarily from ICESat/GLAS satellite altimetry, and spatial climate data. Cross-validation experiments were undertaken to optimize the selection of predictors and the configuration of the algorithm. The resulting estimation errors were 0.07 for cover, 3.4 m for height, and 80 t dry matter ha^-1 for biomass. A large fraction (89–94 %) of the observed variance was explained in each case. Priorities for future research include validation of the LiDAR-derived cover training data and the use of new satellite vegetation height data from the GEDI mission. Annual cover mapping for 2000–2018 provided detailed insight in woody vegetation dynamics. Continentally, woody vegetation change was primarily driven by water availability and its effect on bushfire and mortality, particularly in the drier interior. Changes in woody vegetation made a substantial contribution to Australia’s total carbon emissions since 2000. Whether these ecosystems will recover biomass in future remains to be seen, given the persistent pressures of climate change and land use.     

南海北部陆架和陆坡区小型底栖动物群落的比较研究

为了解南海北部陆架与陆坡区小型底栖动物的群落特征,以及影响群落特征的环境因素,2015年6月对南海北部海域(19.3°—21.4°N, 112.4°—115.1°E)7个站位的小型底栖动物及环境因子进行了采样,并对陆架和陆坡区小型底栖动物群落的丰度、生物量、类群组成和群落结构进行比较。结果表明,在陆架站位,小型底栖动物由13个类群组成,平均丰度为(132±130)ind./10cm2,平均生物量为(169±79)μgdwt/10cm2;在陆坡站位由8个类群组成,平均丰度为(33±14)ind./10cm2,平均生物量为(56±35)μgdwt/10cm2。单因素方差分析结果表明,陆坡区小型底栖动物的总丰度和总生物量以及线虫和多毛类的丰度均显著低于陆架区,但优势类群的相对丰度组成没有显著不同,海洋线虫占总丰度的83%,其次为多毛类和桡足类,分别占7%和3%。环境因子的主成分分析(Principal ComponentsAnalysis,PCA)将陆架和陆坡站位沿第一主分量轴分开,小型底栖生物丰度和生物量与沉积物叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿酸含量以及底层水温呈最大正相关,与水深呈负相关;聚类(Cluster)和排序(non-metric Multidimensional Scaling, MDS),以相似性系数65%将7个站位划分为2组,与按照水深划分的陆架和陆坡组基本吻合;单因素相似性分析(one-way ANOSIM)显示陆架和陆坡区小型底栖动物群落结构差异显著;生物-环境分析(Biota-Environment,BIOENV)表明影响群落结构的最佳环境因子组合为叶绿素a和底层水温。综上可知,随水深增加的食物减少和底层水温的下降是限制南海北部研究海域小型底栖动物丰度和生物量及影响群落组成和结构的主要因素。