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71.
用北半球陆地上48个地面电离层垂测站资料,以及国际参考电离层IRI 90模式,考察1985年1月6~7日F2层电子密度最大值日变化的纬度剖面和经度效应. 结果表明,在亚洲地区的20°N~30°N内,F2层赤道异常“喷泉效应”产生的NmF2“北驼峰”最高,其最大值出现在中午,或稍迟时间. 30°N ~50°N区域内,NmF2的白天峰值幅度逐渐下降,峰值时间移至午前约10:00 LT. 更高纬度(50°N~62°N )台站上,中午前后NmF2出现双峰,傍晚有谷值,夜间又再次抬升. 欧、美地区的低纬台站很少,但借助IRI 90模式分析可发现,在270°E经圈上,“喷泉效应”造成的“北驼峰”幅度最小,而且随纬度增大时,NmF2白天幅度下降也不明显,即纬度剖面的经度效应非常显著. 对中国、日本地区台站资料的小范围经度差异分析表明,在驼峰区的90°E~140°E内,各站NmF2无明显差别;但在中纬地区30°N~50°N内,中国西部上空NmF2白天变化幅度较大,且较为陡直,而中国东部和日本台站上空则相对平缓. 相似文献
72.
煤层上覆地层含水不均匀性电法探测的可能性 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
煤田上覆岩层中含水直接对煤层的开采构成威胁,本文先从理论上阐述了电阻率勘探可以探测煤层上覆地层含水不均匀性的可能性,然后用简单的断层型薄层含水模型的CSAMT正演模拟结果展示出:地下900m深处,尽管只有20m厚的的含水岩层,但在电阻率剖面上该薄层的反映具有非常明显的特征,从理论上和数值模拟实例说明,一定深度内一定厚度的薄层含水性的电阻率法探测是可能的。 相似文献
73.
A case study of warm air advection over the Arctic marginalsea-ice zone is presented, based on aircraft observations with direct flux measurements carriedout in early spring, 1998. A shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was observed, which wasgradually cooling with distance downwind of the ice edge. This process was mainly connected with astrong stable stratification and downward turbulent heat fluxes of about 10–20 W m-2, but wasalso due to radiative cooling. Two mesoscale models, one hydrostatic and the other non-hydrostatic,having different turbulence closures, were applied. Despite these fundamental differences betweenthe models, the results of both agreed well with the observed data. Various closure assumptions had amore crucial influence on the results than the differences between the models.Such an assumption was, for example,the parameterization of the surface roughness for momentum (z0) and heat (zT). This stronglyaffected the wind and temperature fields not only close to the surface but also within and abovethe temperature inversion layer. The best results were achieved using a formulation for z0 that took intoaccount the form drag effect of sea-ice ridges together withzT = 0.1z0. The stability within theelevated inversion strongly depended on the minimum eddy diffusivity Kmin. A simple ad hocparameterization seems applicable, where Kmin is calculated as 0.005 timesthe neutral eddy diffusivity. Although the longwave radiative cooling was largest within the ABL, theapplication of a radiation scheme was less important there than above the ABL. This was related to theinteraction of the turbulent and radiative fluxes. To reproduce the strong inversion, it wasnecessary to use vertical and horizontal resolutions higher than those applied in most regional andlarge-scale atmospheric models. 相似文献
74.
We compare flux and concentration footprint estimates of athree-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersion modelapplying backward trajectories with the results of ananalytical footprint model by Kormann and Meixner.The comparison is performed for varying stability regimesof the surface layer as well as for different measurementheights. In general, excellent correspondence is found. 相似文献
75.
The crustal fluid evolution and the causes of earthquakes(Ⅲ) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
徐常芳 《地震学报(英文版)》1997,(2)
Thecrustalfluidevolutionandthecausesofearthquakes(Ⅲ)CHANG-FANGXU(徐常芳)InstituteofGeology,StateSeismologicalBureau,Beijing1000... 相似文献
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1976年唐山地震前,在距震源很远的地区内都观测到一些前兆趋势变化,如重力、重力位二次徽商W△、水氧、地电阻率、水位和油井出油量等变化。作者认为这些变化不是由震源体直接引起的,而是在区域应力场的作用下,在某些活动断层附近,浅层岩,尤其是含水砂岩层和含油层受挤压出现的一些与地震有关的异常现象。其特征是:(1)异常范围大,可能在距震源很远的地方发生,但就同一种方法的多个观测点来说却又是局部的,即只有其中部分测点才能观测到异常,不少测点观测不到异常。(2)异常发生的时间大致相同。有些异常有同步变化的特征,如同时上升或同时下降。(3)临震前多数异常有恢复的趋势。这些特征与引起异常的机理有关。作者还从理论上计算了这种趋势异常量级,重力变化100×10-6cm/s2左右,重力位二次微商变化(1~2)×10-9/s2,地电阻率变化2%~3%,Rn变化7.4~11.1Bq/L,这样的变化量在活动断层附近的一些台站可能观测到。作者还研究了干旱降雨对某些前兆的影响,其影响量级可以被一些方法观测到,因此在确定是否是地震异常时,必须注意利用综合分析的方法排除干旱降雨的影响,减少异常的多解性。 相似文献
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L. Kristensen C. E. Andersen H. E. Jørgensen P. Kirkegaard K. Pilegaard 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,27(3):249-269
We have discussed the behavior of a non-conserved scalar in the stationary, horizontally homogeneous, neutral surface-flux layer and, on the basis of conventional second-order closure, derived analytic expressions for flux and for mean concentration of a gas, subjected to a first-order removal process. The analytic flux solution showed a clear deviation from the constant flux, characterizing a conserved scalar in the surface-flux layer. It decreases with height and is reduced by an order of magnitude of the surface flux at a height equal to about the typical mean distance a molecule can travel before destruction. The predicted mean concentration profile, however, shows only a small deviation from the logarithmic behavior of a conserved scalar. The solution is consistent with assuming a flux-gradient relationship with a turbulent diffusivity corrected by the Damköhler ratio, the ratio of a characteristic turbulent time scale and the scalar mean lifetime. We show that if we use only first-order closure and neglect the effect of the Damköhler ratio on the turbulent diffusivity we obtain another analytic solution for the profiles of the flux and the mean concentration which, from an experimental point of view, is indistinguishable from the first analytic solution. We have discussed two cases where the model should apply, namely NO which, by night, is irreversibly destroyed by interaction with mainly O3 and the radioactive 220Rn. Only in the last case was it possible to find data to shed light on the validity of our predictions. The agreement seemed such that a falsification of our model was impossible. It is shown how the model can be used to predict the surface flux of 220Rn from measured concentration profiles. 相似文献