The distribution of acetaldehyde in the lower troposphere during TROPOZ II

A series of 72 measurements of the acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) mixing ratio were made in the lower troposphere during TROPOZ II. These measurements are the first ever made of the background level of this trace gas in the free troposphere. The data show a vertical decrease of the CH₃CHO mixing ratio with increasing altitude and indicate higher CH₃CHO concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere — in general agreement with a model-derived average CH₃CHO distribution. Deviations of the observed CH₃CHO mixing ratios from the modelled mean distribution are correlated with similar deviations in the corresponding HCHO mixing ratios.     

Crustal structure of Japan as derived from explosion seismic data

Crustal structures of Japan were investigated under the Upper Mantle Project in three profiles, Kurayosi-Hanabusa, western Japan; Atumi-Noto, central Japan; Kesennuma-Oga, northeastern Japan. These investigations have revealed that the crust of Japan is of continental type. The variation of the crustal structure reflects the topography, especially the water depth; so the thinning of the crust occurs near the shore where the water depth increases rapidly. The velocity below the Mohorovi?i? discontinuity is smaller than 8.0 km/sec, but it is possible that a deeper layer with a velocity of over 8.0 km/sec may exist. The basaltic layer in central Japan, if existing at all, must be thin.     

Intercomparison campaign of vertical ozone profiles including electrochemical sondes of ECC and Brewer-Mast type and a ground based UV-differential absorption lidar

An intercomparison campaign was conducted at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France in September 1989 in order to compare the three instruments used for vertical tropospheric ozone profiling in the European TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research Project) network: balloon borne ECC and Brewer-Mast sondes and a ground based UV-DIAL (DifferentialAbsorptionLidar). Additionally, a stratospheric lidar system and the Dobson spectrophotometer of the OHP were operated. Seven simultaneously measured vertical ozone profiles gave evidence for systematic differences of 15% between both types of electrochemical sondes in the troposphere, the Brewer-Mast sondes reading the smaller ozone values. These differences might be explained on the one hand by a possible contamination of the ozone sensor with reducing substances, causing a negative bias mainly for Brewer-Mast sondes and, on the other hand, by the evolution of the sonde background current during the flight, causing a positive bias for ECC sondes and a negative bias for Brewer-Mast sondes. The tropospheric lidar system, measuring the vertical ozone distribution between 6 and 12–15 km, showed ozone concentrations intermediate between the sonde results. This is in good agreement with its estimated systematic error of better than 7% in the upper troposphere. In the stratosphere, the differences between electrochemical sondes and the lidar are between 5 and 10% before the normalisation with the total ozone values measured by the Dobson spectrophotometer, and always below 5% after. While the Dobson normalisation thus corrects rather well the stratospheric part of the sonde profile, it only partially reduces errors occurring in the troposphere.     

沙漠化研究的现状与趋势

２０世纪是沙漠化概念形成与发展的主要时期，通过回顾国内外沙漠化研究的兴起与发展历程，阐述了其研究现状，介绍了对沙漠化的定义、成因、时空尺度、过程与指征等有关问题上的主要观点，分析了目前沙漠化研究中所存在的问题及其发展趋势，并提出了今后应研究的主要课题。     

民用航空气象观测综述

介绍了民用航空气象观测这一全球大气监测网中的重要观测平台的发展历史，航空气象资料的特点及其在气象业务与大气科学研究中的应用现状，详细分析了航空气象资料的获取、优势、存在的局限和未来的改进方向。指出民用航空飞机观测这一常规大气探测手段具有广阔的应用前景，受到了气象部门和航空业的共同重视，航空气象资料对提高天气预报准确率和气象服务水平将起到积极的促进作用，在未来的数值天气预报业务和大气科学研究中占据越来越重要的地位。     

Sampling of Chemical Constituents in Electrically Active Convective Systems: Results and Cautions

On flights of a P3-B turboprop and a WB-57F jet aircraft within thunderstorm systems, short term spikes (1–2 sec or less in duration) in NO and O₃ were recorded and are attributed to hot or cold discharges occurring on the aircraft fuselage or air sampling inlets. One such spike of only ∼300 msec duration reached 325 ppbv of NO on the flight of the jet aircraft while at 13.8 km altitude. In a lightning flash to the P3-B aircraft, production of NO (expected) and NO₂ (unexpected) were directly observed. The NO production was ∼ 1.7 x 10²² molecules/m of flash length. In the P3-B flight at 5.5 km altitude and over a distance of ∼ 275 km within a highly electrically active thunderstorm complex in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean, there was no evidence of production of O₃ or CO by lightning flashes or by any type of hot or cold discharge involved in the development of free-air lightning flashes.     

试论残留型盆地研究思路和油气勘探方法

残留型地具有抬升剥蚀剧烈,原形盆地难以恢复,经历多期构造运动的改造和建造油气成藏动力学过程复杂,热演化程度较高,油气保存条件复杂等特点,但是残留型盆地油气资源丰富,勘探前景广阔,依据残留型盆地的特征和油气资源潜力,提出应全面,发展地认识盆地,静动结合地研究盆地,运用先进而实用的新技术新方法评价盆地,按照勘探程序勘探盆地,在研究工作上应以分地及其邻区作为整体研究对象,以区域地质研究一石油地质研究－综     

USGCRP土地覆被研究的最新动向

本文根据美国全球变化研究委员会提出的“美国全球变化研究计划”（ＵＳＧＣＲＰ）,概要介绍了土地覆被研究的目标、内容和设想。由于美国在这一领域研究中的领先地位,因此本文基本反映了国际上的最新趋势。     

Elemental composition of particulate material sampled from the Arctic haze aerosol

Thirty-six aerosol filter samples collected in tropospheric Arctic haze layers, in the stratosphere, and in the marine boundary layer during the 1983 Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program were analyzed for trace elements using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Average crustal dust concentrations were 540 ng/m³ and 330 ng/m³ for samples collected in Arctic haze over the North American and Norwegian Arctic, respectively. An average marine salt concentration of 120 ng/m³ was obtained for haze samples collected above the marine boundary layer on both sides of the Arctic.Meteorological and wind trajectory information were used to identify specific haze transport pathways, which brought relatively unmixed aerosol from the central Soviet Union into the AGASP sampling areas. Results from individual filters collected within these transport zones are discussed, with emphasis on certain trace metal ratos which have been proposed by other researchers as discriminators of aerosols from different source regions. Our aircraft-collected data are compared with previously-collected ground-based measurements, and show reasonably good agreement for most tracer elements and ratios. Specifically, we have determined the As/Sb ratio tracer, named by other researchers as the most effective elemental discriminator of aerosol from the central Soviet Union, to be approximately 5–6. This relatively high tracer value is consistent with previous ground-based findings. A significantly lower V/Sb ratio was observed throughout this study, possibly indicating a change in the source signature.     

海洋环境中的锇同位素研究现状

由于锇同位素示踪和定年具有较高的灵敏度，能提供其它同位素无法给出的重要信息，在海洋环境中应用具有独特的优越性，因此锇同位素在海洋环境中的的研究和应用引起了人们的广泛关注。近年来，国内外学者对海洋环境中的锇同位素研究取得了较大的成果，主要体现在以下几个方面：①对富钴结壳、海底铁锰结核、富有机质沉积物、富金属碳酸盐和深海远洋粘土中的锇同位素组成进行了较多研究；②对海水中锇的浓度、滞留时间，以及现代海水的锇同位素组成进行了精确测定；③初步建立了过去80Ma以来海水锇同位素组成的演化曲线；④对深海橄榄岩、大洋玄武岩、俯冲带岩石和大洋中脊喷出的热液流体的锇同位素组成进行了研究；⑤探讨了海洋环境中影响海水锇同位素组成变化的制约因素，初步揭示了海洋环境中的锇同位素组成对古海洋、古气候和古地理的指示意义。较系统地总结近年来锇同位素在海洋环境中的研究现状，对于指导以后的研究工作有着重要的意义。