广州市空气污染的变化特征及预报

利用2002年11月-2004年9月广州市空气污染指数（API）和PM10、NO2、SO2等污染物逐日浓度资料,采用小波分析、相关分析等方法对广州市空气污染的变化特征及与同期地面气象要素的关系进行了分析。并采用最优子集回归方法分别建立冬、夏季API指数及污染物浓度的预报方程。结果表明。PM10是广州市的主要污染物。其次为NO2、SO2。除SO2外,广州市API指数、NO2、PM10等污染物浓度具有冬半年（11-4月）偏高,夏半年（5-10月）偏低的变化规律。API指数及各种污染物浓度均具有明显的年周期振荡及5-7天的准单周、10-20天准双周、30-60天左右的季节内振荡,且30-60天的季节内振荡在冬半年较强而在夏半年较弱。冬半年API指数和PM10、NO2、SO2浓度与气压、风速、降水呈稳定负相关,与温度、相对湿度等呈稳定的正相关,而夏半年主要与风速、降水具有较好且稳定的负相关。增加前一天的污染物浓度作为预报因子后,所建的最优子集回归方程比单选用气象因子要稳定。具有较强的预测能力。     

国家级地面自动站A文件质量控制方法及软件开发

地面自动站A文件是以站月为单位的气象观测综合资料，具有要素多、信息量大的特点。为了实现有效的质量控制，研究了更为全面的国家级的质量控制方法并遵循软件工程理论，采用模块化的设计方法完成了应用软件的开发，这对保证我国地面自动站观测数据的质量起到了重要作用。     

一次强对流天气过程的成因分析

利用常规气象资料和多普勒雷达资料,从天气形势、物理量场和雷达回波演变特征分析2005年5月5日福建省强对流天气过程的成因。结果表明：这次强对流天气过程发生在锋前暖区内,高空弱冷空气的侵入对不稳定能量释放起触发作用,高低空急流的相互配置为强对流的发生提供了有利的动力抬升条件,大气的不稳定和良好的水汽输送条件有利于飑线的形成和发展,移入型的回波在福建境内发展加强形成飑线,飑线是此次强对流天气过程的直接影响系统。     

1991年5-7月江淮洪涝:水汽和冷空气的作用比较

对1991年5-7月江淮流域持续性暴雨的环流异常进行分析,比较造成此次洪涝的水汽输送和冷空气活动重要性。结果表明：（1）东亚大槽维持在中国东北上空发展明显,同时鄂霍次克海上空没有建立强大阻高,这种形势有利于冷空气持续向南侵袭,盛行经向环流。此外,低纬度地区,西太平洋副热带高压主体位置于常年同期相比,明显偏西、偏强,有利于暖湿气流沿副热带高压北上到达江淮流域,与北方冷空气辐合形成强降水。（2）通过定义I_T和I_q分别表征温度与水汽对降水的贡献,发现此次江淮流域地区强降水是由对流层低层水汽异常增多和气温异常偏低共同造成的,作用基本相当。     

Selection of regional historical rainfall time series as input to urban drainage simulations at ungauged locations

It has become established practice during the past 20 years to use high-resolution historical rainfall time series as input to hydrological model packages for detailed simulation of urban drainage systems. However, sufficiently long rain series are rarely available from the exact catchment in question and simulations are hence often based on available rain series from other locations. Extreme rainfall properties of importance to the performance of urban storm drainage systems vary significantly even in regions with only minor physiographic differences. Part of this variation can be explained by regional variations of the mean annual rainfall and the remaining statistical residue can be interpreted as statistical uncertainty.In Denmark, more than 75 high-resolution rain gauges are installed across a total area of 43,000 m. About 40 gauges had sufficiently long records to be included in a comprehensive national investigation where newly developed statistical regionalisation procedures were used to model the regional variation of extreme rainfalls. On this basis, a spreadsheet model was made available for estimation of extreme design rainfalls and the associated uncertainty at any location in the country. Statistics were furthermore computed to classify historical rainfall time series according to the developed regional model, and this makes it possible to assess the uncertainty related with using different historical rain series for simulations at ungauged locations.This research indicates that use of historical point rainfall data at ungauged locations introduces a significant uncertainty that is largely overlooked in today's practice. The engineering recommendation is to select historical rain series based on an evaluation of the local physiographic characteristics (e.g., the mean annual rainfall) and a (pre-defined) desired safety level of the simulations.     

Summertime atmospheric teleconnection pattern associated with a warming over the eastern Tibetan Plateau

By using a surface air temperature index (SATI) averaged over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), investigation is conducted on the short-term climate variation associated with the interannual air warming (or cooling) over the TP in each summer month. Evidence suggests that the SATI is associated with a consistent teleconnection pattern extending from the TP to central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. Associated rainfall changes include, for a warming case, a drought in northern India in May and June, and a stronger mei-yu front in June. The latter is due to an intensified upper-level northeasterly in eastern China and a wetter and warmer condition over the eastern TP. In the East Asian regions, the time-space distributions of the correlation patterns between SATI and rainfall are more complex and exhibit large differences from month to month. Some studies have revealed a close relationship between the anomalous heating over the TP and the rainfall anomaly along the Yangtze River valley appearing in the summer on a seasonal mean time-scale, whereas in the present study, this relationship only appears in June and the signal's significance becomes weaker after the long-term trend in the data was excluded. Close correlations between SATI and the convection activity and SST also occur in the western Pacific in July and August: A zonally-elongated warm tone in the SST in the northwestern Pacific seems to be a passive response of the associated circulation related to a warm SATI. The SATI-associated teleconnection pattern provides a scenario consistently linking the broad summer rainfall anomalies in Europe, central-western Asia, India, and East Asia.     

澳洲冷空气活动的季节内和年际变化特征

用澳洲850 hPa上空的变温和温度权重相结合的冷空气活动日数定义了澳洲冷空气活动指标（cold air index,CAI）,据CAI分析了澳洲冷空气活动的季节内和年际变化特征,结果表明：澳洲西南部地区是冷空气活动的关键区,5月其收缩于澳洲西南角,7月和8月其中心及影响范围均向北移动,主要分布区向澳洲东部伸展;整个冬季（6—8月）的澳洲冷空气活动没有显著的年际差异,而5—8月各月的冷空气活动却存在明显的年际变化特征。     

‘A Case Study on a Polar Cold Air Outbreak over Fram Strait using a Mesoscale Weather Prediction Model’

The mesoscale weather prediction model ’Lokal-Modell’ (LM) of the Deutscher Wetterdienst is applied to the situation of an Arctic cold air outbreak in the Fram Strait region in April 1998. Observations are available from a flight along 5⁰E carried out during the ARTIST campaign. Initial and time-dependent boundary data for the simulation are taken from a larger scale operational model system. Using the standard configuration of LM, the simulation reproduced the propagation of cold air and the characteristic structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in fair agreement with the observations. However, a detailed comparison revealed three basic problems. Firstly, there is evidence that the available data on sea-ice conditions were insufficient approximations to the true state for several reasons. A modification of the sea-ice data towards observations revealed that parts of the discrepancies were due to the original sea-ice data. Secondly, a control run with the model in its standard configuration shows an insufficient warming of the ABL downstream of the ice edge due to underestimation of surface heat fluxes. A simple modification of the approach for the scalar roughness length resulted in the strongest benefit, while comparative studies showed only a slight sensitivity to different types of parametrisation of turbulent mixing or the inclusion of an additional moist convection parametrisation. Thirdly, in all the simulations the deepening of the convective ABL downstream of the ice edge is weaker than observed. This may be partly due to the thermal stratification above the ABL in the analysis data, which is more stable than observed; but it may also be a hint to the fact that processes near the inversion are insufficiently parametrised in mesoscale models with resolutions as used in LM. The simulated cloud layer in the convective ABL is similar to that observed with respect to condensate content, a sharply defined cloud top, a diffuse lower bound, and continuous light precipitation.     

The Relative Impact of Regional Scale Land Cover Change and Increasing CO2 over China

A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR CCM3 (T42 resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change and increasing CO2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in major climate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land cover change. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range due to land cover change. Increases in CO2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so that changes in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO2 change also impact the frequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO2 tending to lead to more intense precipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation-indeed, the impact of land cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO2. Our results provide support for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climate inodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surface models that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to natural climate variability or increasing CO2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have a significant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of a similar magnitude to increases in CO2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact of land cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.     

气候变暖背景下石家庄冷空气活动的气候特征

依据GB/T 20484—2006冷空气标准,对1972—2007年石家庄市17个地面观测站气温资料进行统计,分析了石家庄冷空气时空分布及强度变化基本特征。结果表明：受地域影响,石家庄东北部和南部是两个冷空气活动频次较高的中心;在气候变暖背景下,石家庄最低气温升高趋势与冷空气活动次数及强度减少趋势呈显著负相关;3—4月石家庄南部寒潮发生频次高于东北部地区,危害最大。