Winter oceanographic observations in some New Zealand fiords

The winter oceanography of four New Zealand fiords is discussed using data obtained from July 1983, and comparisons are made with data collected on previous summers. Surface waters were more saline in winter than in summer and were everywhere cooler than the underlying water. Deep water renewal in the fiord basins was re‐examined using all available data. For Milford Sound and the other deep silled fiords renewal appears to be related to the arrival of dense water at sill depth offshore by an as yet unknown advective or meteorologically forced process. In the more isolated Long Sound, Preservation Inlet, deep water renewal requires the subtle interplay of tidal flows and mixing processes over the shallow double sill. Complete renewal of Long Sound bottom water appears to be a slow process.     

Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Current on Wave Focusing

A numerical study on the acoustic radiation of a propeller interacting with non-uniform inflow has been conducted. Real geometry of a marine propeller DTMB 4118 is used in the calculation, and sliding mesh technique is adopted to deal with the rotational motion of the propeller. The performance of the DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) approach at capturing the unsteady forces and moments on the propeller is compared with experiment. Far-field sound radiation is predicted by the formation 1A developed by Farassat, an integral solution of FW-H (Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings) equation in time domain. The sound pressure and directivity patterns of the propeller operating in two specific velocity distributions are discussed.     

A review of methods and frameworks used to determine the environmental water requirements of estuaries

Abstract

Environmental flow requirements of estuaries have been ignored in the past, mostly because of the lack of long-term monitoring data or understanding of the responses to changes in freshwater inflow. In some cases, it was incorrectly assumed that the minimum flows determined for rivers would protect downstream processes and in others the omission of environmental water requirement studies for estuaries was as a result of the sectoral management of water resources or lack of applicable legislation. Three main countries have developed methods for estuaries, i.e. Australia, South Africa and the USA, from practical applications and a learning-by-doing approach. Recent methods take a holistic and adaptive standpoint and are presented as frameworks that include a number of steps and have elements of risk assessment and adaptive management. Most approaches are data rich and emphasize long-term monitoring. This review showed that, although methods are available, implementation is slow and will require strong governance structures, stakeholder participation, monitoring and feedback in an adaptive management cycle.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman     

Two contrasting magmatic types coexist after the cessation of back-arc spreading

Amongst island arcs, Izu–Bonin is remarkable as it has widespread, voluminous and long-lived volcanism behind the volcanic front. In the central part of the arc this volcanism is represented by a series of seamount chains which extend nearly 300 km into the back-arc from the volcanic front. These back-arc seamount chains were active between 17 and 3 Ma, which is the period between the cessation of spreading in the Shikoku Basin and the initiation of currently active rifting just behind the Quaternary volcanic front. In this paper we present new age, chemical and isotopic data from the hitherto unexplored seamounts which formed furthest from the active volcanic front. Some of the samples come from volcanoes at the western limit of the back-arc seamount chains. Others are collected from seamounts of various sizes which lie on the Shikoku Basin crust (East Shikoku Basin seamounts). The westernmost magmatism we have sampled is manifested as a series of volcanic edifices that trace the extinct spreading centre of the Shikoku Basin known as the Kinan Seamount Chain (KSC).Chemically, enrichment in fluid-mobile elements and depletion in HFSE relative to MORB indicates that the back-arc seamount chains and the East Shikoku Basin seamounts have a significant contribution of slab-derived material. In this context these volcanoes can be regarded as a manifestation of arc magmatism and distinct from the MORB-like lavas of the Shikoku back-arc basin. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages range from 15.7 to 9.6 Ma for the East Shikoku Basin seamounts, indicating this arc magmatism started immediately after the Shikoku Basin stopped spreading.Although the KSC volcanoes are found to be contemporaneous with the seamount chains and East Shikoku Basin seamounts, their chemical characteristics are very different. Unlike the calc-alkaline seamount chains, the KSC lavas range from medium-K to shoshonitic alkaline basalt. Their trace element characteristics indicate the absence of a subduction influence and their radiogenic isotope systematics reflect a mantle source combining a Philippine Sea MORB composition and an enriched mantle component (EM-1). One of the most remarkable features of the KSC is that their geochemistry has a distinct temporal variation. Element ratios such as Nb/Zr and concentrations of incompatible elements such as K₂O increase with decreasing age and reach a maximum at ca. 7 Ma when the KSC ceased activity.Based on the chemical and temporal information from all the data across the back-arc region, we have identified two contrasting yet contemporaneous magmatic provinces. These share a tectonic platform, but have separate magmatic roots; one stemming from subduction flux and the other from post-spreading asthenospheric melting.     

吉林省镇赉县西北沟井区上白垩统姚家组油砂矿水文地质条件分析

吉林省镇赉县西北沟井区上白垩统姚家组油砂矿局部构造不发育,矿床矿层埋藏在当地侵蚀基准面以下,区内分布有上部潜水和深部承压水,均为中等富水性含水层,前者补给来源为大气降水,后者为区域地下水径流补给,矿床水文地质条件属简单类型。     

Key Scientific Problems and Challenges of Studying Carbon Cycle Mechanism in Pacific Sector of the Arctic

Challenged by the enormous pressure to reduce the global carbon emission, it is expected that the Arctic Ocean could absorb additional atmospheric CO₂ with the retreating of sea-ice. The Chukchi Sea and adjacent waters, characterized by the highest carbon fixation in the global ocean and large carbon flux into the deep-ocean for sequestration, make substantial contributions to carbon cycling in the entire Arctic Ocean. Understanding the response mechanism of carbon cycling in this region to the rapidly changing environment is the foundation for the prediction of carbon sink in the Arctic Ocean. However, the response of carbon absorption and storage to climate change is still controversial, and the main controlling factors of the carbon cycle process remain unclear.Thus, to establish high-resolution coupled ocean-ice-carbon models can explore the influence of sea ice retreat on atmospheric CO₂ and the vertical sinking carbon fluxes in Chukchi Sea, estimate the effectiveness of growing inflow and slope upwelling on carbon sink/source patterns, discuss the response of deep-ocean carbon sequestration to the changing environment, and evaluate the effectiveness of continental shelf pump in the Chukchi Sea as well as its role in the global carbon sink. Based on the challenge for the research of the Chukchi Sea carbon cycle research with rapidly changing climate, the basic ideas of establishing Arctic Ocean carbon cycling model as well as its key scientific issues to be resolved were proposed.     

东北地区一次暴雨过程的落区分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料和美国NCEP1°×1°的6 h再分析资料对2008年7月5日08时至6日08时发生在东北地区的暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：此次暴雨过程是蒙古高空槽和华北气旋共同作用下产生的,副热带高压西伸北抬后与东北高压脊叠加形成高压坝,水汽沿高压外围即渤海西岸向东北移动,华北气旋入渤海加强北上,是造成东北地区西部强降水的主要天气形势。风速大于等于16 m/s的低空西南急流的建立为暴雨的发生提供了动力和水汽条件。暴雨到大暴雨过程强降水中心的落区与比湿场的大值区、垂直速度场和涡度场的高值区有较好的对应关系。     

基于遗传算法和BP神经网络的矿井涌水量预测

为避免BP神经网络极易陷人局部解的问题,针对遗传算法具有全局寻优的特点,提出了用遗传算法优化BP神经网络预测方法,并以刘桥二矿为例,对其矿井涌水量进行了预测。首先选取刘桥二矿区的2005年3月至2006年12月的矿井涌水量数据进行分析,然后使用遗传算法优化BP网络的初始权值和阈值,最后使用BP神经网络进行训练。将其成果与纯BP网络算法进行比较,结果表明：遗传算法优化BP神经网络的预测方法的预测精度高于纯BP网络算法,将其应用于矿井涌水量预测是有效可行的。     

注浆技术在治理烧变岩区煤层涌水中的应用

烧变岩储水空间开阔,补泄通畅,富水性强,是陕北侏罗纪煤田采煤区特殊而重要的含水层。基于火烧区分布范围、烧变岩物性特征和矿井主斜井涌水特征的研究,总结出其涌水规律。根据井巷布置和涌水特征,认为对烧变岩区煤层涌水的治理应采取井下注浆和地面注浆相结合的方法,并对各种方法在注浆时注浆孔的布局、结构,注浆材料及其配方、注浆参数等进行了详细说明。注浆效果显示：主斜井、1^#副斜井井壁进行壁后注浆处理后．井壁涌水量控制到3m^3／h以下,封水效果明显;3^-1煤中央胶运大巷及辅运大巷进行超前预注浆后,巷道出水量一直控制在50m^3／h以下．从而保证了巷道掘进的正常进行。顺利的通过了火烧区的富水段。     

FLAC3D在海底隧道涌水量预测中的应用

通过分析FLAC3D软件的基本特征、解析特点和本构模型,在分析研究区地质条件的基础上,采用半无限空间的水文地质计算模型,确立了研究区的模拟方案。结合某海底隧道具体水文地质和工程地质情况,以其中的9个典型剖面模拟计算为例阐述了其在海底隧道涌水量预测中的应用。将计算结果与经验解析法的结果进行了比较分析,阐述了FLAC3D数值模拟法的适用条件和工况。总结出了一些有益于隧道施工组织设计和排水设计的结论,对指导工程实践具有一定参考价值。