Evaluation of the twentieth century reanalysis dataset in describing East Asian winter monsoon variability

The Twentieth Century Reanalysis （20thCR） dataset released in 2010 covers the period 1871-2010 and is one of the longest reanalysis datasets available worldwide. Using ERA-40, ERA-Interim and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, as well as HadSLP2 data and meteorological temperature records over eastern China, the performances of 20thCR in reproducing the spatial patterns and temporal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） are examined. Results indicate that 20thCR data： （1） can accurately reproduce the most typical configuration patterns of all sub-factors differences in the main circulation fields over East Asia involved in the EAWM system, albeit with some in comparison to ERA-40 reanalysis data; （2） is reliable and stable in describing the temporal variability of EAWM since the 1930s; and （3） can describe the high-frequency variability of EAWM better than the low-frequency fluctuations, especially in the early period. In conclusion, caution should be taken when using 20thCR data to study interdecadal variabilities or long-term trends of the EAWM, especially prior to the 1930s.     

A global available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber for the FGGE year

Abstract

A global vertically integrated available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber is formulated using spherical harmonics. Results of the budget equations applied to the four mid‐season months of the FGGE year are given.     

再分析温度资料与西藏地区冬、夏季观测气温的比较

利用西藏地区地面气温(OT)及NCEP/NCAR(NT1)、ERA-40(ET1)、NCEP/DOE(NT2)、ERA-Interim(ET2)和JRA-25(JT)五种月平均2 m气温再分析资料,对其气候均值、方差、气候趋势及年际和年代际变化等进行了分析和评估.结果表明:(1)五种再分析资料对西藏地区冬、夏季气温的估计均偏低,且冬季偏低大于夏季;经地形高度差订正,再分析资料与观测气温的偏差明显缩小,ET1、ET2和JT效果最佳;(2)西藏冬、夏季气温北部变化大、南部变化小,冬季变化大于夏季.ET1、ET2和JT对西藏东部气温年际变率的再现能力略强于NT1,在中西部,ET1、ET2、JT和NT1再现能力相当;NT2对年际变率的估计较差;(3)西藏大部分地区OT有明显增温趋势,冬季增温大于夏季,再分析资料增温不明显;(4)NT1与ET1均不能反映OT所具有的20世纪80年代以前多低于均值,80年代初期到90年代后期接近均值,此后高于均值的年代际变化特征;(5) ET2和JT对均值、年际变化和变率特征的描述较为接近,且优于NT2; (6)再分析资料温度与观测温度空间分布的相似性从高到低依次为JT＞ ET2＞ ET1＞ NT1＞ NT2.     

A hybrid efficient method to downscale wave climate to coastal areas

Long-term time series of sea state parameters are required in different coastal engineering applications. In order to obtain wave data at shallow water and due to the scarcity of instrumental data, ocean wave reanalysis databases ought to be downscaled to increase the spatial resolution and simulate the wave transformation process. In this paper, a hybrid downscaling methodology to transfer wave climate to coastal areas has been developed combining a numerical wave model (dynamical downscaling) with mathematical tools (statistical downscaling). A maximum dissimilarity selection algorithm (MDA) is applied in order to obtain a representative subset of sea states in deep water areas. The reduced number of selected cases spans the marine climate variability, guaranteeing that all possible sea states are represented and capturing even the extreme events. These sea states are propagated using a state-of-the-art wave propagation model. The time series of the propagated sea state parameters at a particular location are reconstructed using a non-linear interpolation technique based on radial basis functions (RBFs), providing excellent results in a high dimensional space with scattered data as occurs in the cases selected with MDA. The numerical validation of the results confirms the ability of the developed methodology to reconstruct sea state time series in shallow water at a particular location and to estimate different spatial wave climate parameters with a considerable reduction in the computational effort.     

中国及其周边地区多种水凝物资料的气候态特征比较

对云的水凝物含量进行研究有利于认识云的辐射性质和强迫效应,以及改善模式的预报性能。利用目前几种较为常用的卫星观测资料（ISCCP、MODIS和CloudSat）和再分析资料（CFSR和ERA-Interim）,对中国及其周边地区的多种水凝物变量,包括积分的云水路径、液水路径和冰水路径,以及分层的液态水含量和冰水含量的气候态水平及垂直分布特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,在总的水凝物含量方面,无论是描述整个中国及其周边地区的水平分布特征和主要变化模态,还是不同海陆区域的月变化特点,MODIS、ERA和CFSR三种资料都显示出较高的一致性,而ISCCP的绝对数值和变化幅度与它们均存在一定差异。在液态水含量方面,无论是水平还是垂直分布,ERA-Interim都有最高的数值,作为观测数据的MODIS和ISCCP则显著偏低。对于冰水含量,不同资料间无论是水平和垂直分布形式还是具体数值都存在明显差异。通过分析不同水凝物资料间气候态分布的差异性特征,有利于认识目前常用的几种水凝物资料的“不确定性”程度,从而更好地估计云的辐射效应,以及理解其在气候变化中所扮演的角色。      

Evaluating precipitation products for hydrologic modeling over a large river basin in the Midwestern USA

ABSTRACT

We evaluated precipitation estimates, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42V7), CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis), GHCN-D (Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Version 3.24), and Daymet, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The suitability and quality of TRMM, CFSR and Daymet in forcing the SWAT-based hydrological model was examined by means of model calibration. A calibrated TRMM-driven model slightly overestimated streamflow, while a calibrated CFSR-driven model performed worst. The Daymet-driven model performance was as good as the GHCN-D-driven model in reproducing observations. In addition, the temperature was far less sensitive compared with precipitation in driving SWAT. TRMM 3B42V7 showed great potential in streamflow simulation. The results and findings from this study provide new insights into the suitability of precipitation products for hydrological and climate impact studies in large basins, particularly those in typical climates and physiographic settings similar to the Midwestern USA.     

植被覆盖状况影响中国地表气温变化的观测事实

利用NOAA/AVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）及观测气温与再分析地表气温的差值（Observation Minus Reanalysis, OMR）分析了植被覆盖状况对中国地表气温变化的影响.结果表明,地表气温OMR趋势值与NDVI在空间上呈现出显著的负相关关系,植被覆盖状况差（NDVI小于0.1）的区域地表升温较为显著,气温OMR趋势值超过0.2℃/10a,而植被覆盖度高（NDVI大于0.5）的区域气温OMR趋势值则变化不大,甚至出现降温.气温OMR趋势值对植被的季节变化还有着敏感的响应.不同区域植被覆盖状况的差异可能导致中国地表气温变化对全球变暖的响应不同,预测中国未来气候变化需要考虑植被覆盖状况及其动态变化的影响.     

A Study on Climatological Features of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Dynamics, Energetics and Variability

A continuing goal in the diagnostic studies of the atmospheric general circulation is to estimate various quantities that cannot be directly observed. Evaluation of all the dynamical terms in the budget equations for kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture provide estimates of kinetic energy and vorticity generation, diabatic heating and source/sinks of moisture. All these are important forcing factors to the climate system. In this paper, diagnostic aspects of the dynamics and energetics of the Asian summer monsoon and its spatial variability in terms of contrasting features of surplus and deficient summer monsoon seasons over India are studied with reanalysis data sets. The daily reanalysis data sets from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are used for a fifty-two year (1948–1999) period to investigate the large-scale budget of kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture. The primary objectives of the study are to comprehend the climate diagnostics of the Asian summer monsoon and the role of equatorial convection of the summer monsoon activity over India.It is observed that the entrance/exit regions of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) are characterized by the production/destruction of the kinetic energy, which is essential to maintain outflow/inflow prevailing at the respective location of the TEJ. Both zonal and meridional components contribute to the production of kinetic energy over the monsoon domain, though the significant contribution to the adiabatic generation of kinetic energy originates from the meridional component over the Bay of Bengal in the upper level and over the Somali Coast in the low level. The results indicate that the entire Indian peninsula including the Bay of Bengal is quite unstable during the summer monsoon associated with the production of vorticity within the domain itself and maintain the circulation. The summer monsoon evinces strong convergence of heat and moisture over the monsoon domain. Also, considerable heat energy is generated through the action of the adiabatic process. The combined effect of these processes leads to the formation of a strong diabatic heat source in the region to maintain the monsoon circulation. The interesting aspect noted in this study is that the large-scale budgets of heat and moisture indicate excess magnitudes over the Arabian Sea and the western equatorial Indian Ocean during surplus monsoon. On the other hand, the east equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal region show stronger activity during deficient monsoon. This is reflected in various budget terms considered in this study.     

青藏高原东部三种再分析资料与地面气温观测资料的对比分析

为了检验再分析资料在青藏高原(下称高原)的适用性,以地面观测资料为标准,综合比较了1989-2009年间NCEP/DOE(简称NCEP)、ERA-interim(ERA)和JRA-25(JRA)三种再分析资料在高原东部地区的月平均地面气温的分布和变化规律。从平均季节变化来看,夏季再分析资料与观测资料的一致性总体好于冬季,其中NCEP资料整体偏低于观测资料,JRA则相反。从线性趋势来看,ERA和JRA资料与观测资料较一致,均表现出高原东部区域整体增暖趋势,而NCEP资料则表现出略微的下降趋势。从年际尺度变化来看,ERA和JRA资料所反映的年际变化和变率特征要好于NCEP资料,并且JRA资料的结果要优于ERA资料。最后,比较了三种再分析资料的质量指数,发现ERA资料质量最好,NCEP资料最差,而且NCEP和JRA资料在近20年质量有变差趋势,ERA资料有变好趋势;ENSO、东亚季风和高原季风对再分析资料地面气温场的质量均有一定的影响。     

ERA-interim气温、地温再分析数据在青海东部农业区的适用性评估

利用1999—2018年逐月ERA-interim再分析数据，选取青海省东部农业区的15个气象站点平均气温和土壤温度，采用误差和相关性分析，对比两种资料时间和站点空间变化规律，并对ERA-interim再分析资料的准确性进行验证评估。结果表明：ERA-interim再分析数据平均气温、5和15 cm土壤温度均低于观测值，分别偏低3.5、4.3和4.5℃；观测值与订正前后的再分析资料月际和季节变化基本一致，空间变化均表现出从东南部向西北部减小的趋势，而且最大值和最小值出现的站点完全一致。近20年来，观测值与再分析资料平均气温均呈现上升趋势，5和15 cm土壤温度观测值表现为升高趋势，而再分析数据呈减小趋势。与订正前相比，订正后的再分析资料与观测值的平均偏差和均方根误差明显减小，同时平均偏差和均方根误差年际变化均呈先增大后减小的趋势。年内平均偏差和均方根误差均呈现“M”型，最大值均出现在4月，最小值出现在12或1月。东部农业区地形复杂、海拔高度差异是再分析资料比观测值偏低的主要原因，利用回归方程实现平均气温和土壤温度再分析数据的订正，有效降低了ERA-interim再分析数据的偏差，提高再...