不同鲜重秋茄胚轴形态及其对幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨不同鲜重秋茄胚轴的表型性状和营养成分含量差异,及其对幼苗生长的影响,确定浙江省秋茄胚轴质量标准,提高造林质量,本研究采集4.0～5.0g、5.0～6.0g、6.0～7.0g、7.0～8.0g、8.0～9.0g、9.0～10.0g共6组不同鲜重的秋茄胚轴,测定其表型性状、营养成分含量和幼苗生长性状。结果表明,胚轴长度、横径、顶径随着胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。不同鲜重等级胚轴间的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和有机碳百分含量差异不显著,但随着秋茄胚轴鲜重增加,淀粉百分含量显著减小。单根胚轴的营养成分总含量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。胚轴的C:N、N:P和C:P值在鲜重7.0～8.0g等级时均显著高于其他鲜重等级。幼苗生长高、基径、叶片数及生物量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加,但在5.0～6.0g、6.0～7.0g和7.0～8.0g等级间幼苗茎干重、叶干重、净生物量和总生物量差异不显著。胚轴表型性状与幼苗生长指标之间的相关性均呈显著水平(P<0.05),除胚轴P总含量与生长高之间的相关性不显著外, N、K、Na、有机碳、淀粉总含量与幼苗生长指标之间均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.0...     

Public views on economic growth,the environment and prosperity: Results of a questionnaire survey

The long-standing academic and public debate on economic growth, prosperity and environmental sustainability has recently gained new momentum. It lacks, however, a broad perspective on public opinion. Prior opinion surveys typically offered a simple dichotomous choice between growth and environmental protection. This study examines public beliefs and attitudes about a wider range of aspects of the growth debate. To this end, we conducted an online questionnaire survey including a country-wide, representative sample of 1008 Spanish citizens. Using factor analysis, we identify six distinct dimensions of public attitudes, referred to as: prosperity with growth; environmental limits to growth; general optimism; wrong priority; overrated GDP; and governmental control. We further analyze several specific questions associated with the growth debate, such as those concerning the desired GDP growth rate, the preferred growth-environment position, and beliefs about, as well as reasons for, a possible end or continuation of growth. We find that most respondents favor GDP growth rates of more than 3%. A majority views growth and environmental sustainability as compatible (green growth), while about one-third prefers either ignoring growth as a policy aim (agrowth), or stopping it altogether (degrowth). Only very few people want growth unconditionally (growth-at-all-costs). About one-third of the respondents believe that growth may be never-ending. We examine how support for or disagreement with different statements on growth are related to each other, as well as how they are influenced by socio-demographic, knowledge and ideology/values variables. Overall, our findings can inform public debates about the growth paradigm and its potential alternatives by providing a more nuanced understanding of public opinion. We make suggestions for future research, including modifying poll questions on growth and environment through offering a more diverse set of response options.     

昌吉州棉区棉花生育期气候条件分析

为了深入开展棉花气象服务,对昌吉州主要棉区的气温、降水和日照等与棉花生长发育密切相关的气候资料进行了全面的统计分析,得出昌吉州主要棉区影响棉花生长发育的主要气象因素:播种期的霜冻、苗期的低温、花铃期的高温和吐絮期的低温和全生育期的热量。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE TRENDS OVER THE LAST 150 YEARS*

A global two-dimensional chemistry model is developed to study long-term trends of CH₄ since industrial revolution.The sources of CH₄,CO and NO_x are parameterized as functions of latitude and time.With two long-term emission scenarios,long-term trends of CH₄ are simulated.The results have a good agreement with observation from ice cores.The modeled CH₄ increased from 760 ppbv in 1840 to 1611.9 ppbv in 1991, while the modeled number concentration of tropospheric OH decreased from 7.17×10⁵ cm^-3 in 1840 to 5.79×10⁵ cm^-3 in 1991.The increase of atmospheric CH₄ can be explained by the increase of emission of CH₄ and build-up because of decrease of OH radicals that remove CH₄ from the atmosphere.The model is also used to simulate the distribution of CH₄.Comparisons between the model results and observations show that the model can simulate both latitudinal distribution and seasonal variation of CH₄ well.     

Skeletal linear extension rates of the foliose scleractinian coral Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) in a turbid environment

Skeletal linear extension rates of a foliaceous, IndoPacific, skiophilous, heterotrophic, scleractinian Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander 1786) were obtained along a sediment/nutrient load gradient at the southern islands of Singapore. Measurements were made during November 1999– November 2000 using the alizarin red‐S staining technique. Suspended particulate matter concentration (r²_adj = 0.76), turbidity (r²_adj = 0.59), the organic content of suspended sediments (r² = 0.50), and nitrite‐nitrate concentration (r²_adj = 0.50) were significant predictors of the skeletal linear extension rate of M. ampliata. Maximum linear extension growth rates of M. ampliata (mean ± SD: 1.43 ± 0.67–3.26 ± 0.59 cm·year^?1) were comparable to 15‐year‐old accounts at the same research sites, indicating adaptation to low‐light, high‐sediment waters.     

不同气温与土壤湿度条件下籽蒿幼苗的表型可塑性

  植物表型可塑性是其适应环境的结果。为了探讨构件水平和全株水平表型可塑性的差异,我们选择籽蒿进行了双因素(气温:35 ℃、30 ℃、20 ℃; 土壤水分:对照、轻度、中度、重度胁迫)随机化区组实验以分析不同环境条件下植物的表型可塑性。结果表明,气温对籽蒿株高生长率有显著影响,土壤水分胁迫对籽蒿株高生长率无显著影响; 气温和土壤水分胁迫对籽蒿地上部生物量和根重生长率均无显著影响; 土壤水分胁迫对籽蒿幼苗根冠比有显著影响,而气温对其则无显著影响。这说明气温和土壤水分胁迫对籽蒿幼苗构件表型可塑性和全株表型可塑性的影响是有差异的。进一步分析表明,气温对籽蒿幼苗的叶含水量有显著影响,而对籽蒿幼苗的叶饱和亏无显著影响,这说明气温对籽蒿幼苗株高生长率的影响是通过影响其叶含水量来实现。     

食物浓度对模糊秀体溞生长和繁殖的影响

模糊秀体潘是热带水体中枝角类的主要优势种,它在竞争及对热带水体的适应方面的优势尚不清楚。本文以模糊秀体潘为研究对象,观察不同食物浓度下其生长和繁殖的特点,探讨模糊秀体潘成热带水体优势种的原因。以蛋白核小球藻为食物,浓度梯度设为0.05mg／L、0.1mg／L、0.3mg／L、0.6mg／L和1.0mg／L小球藻浓度为0.05mg／L的培养液中,模糊秀体潘存活率很低且未观察到繁殖现象其它4个浓度小球藻喂养的模糊秀体潘体长生长率和最大体长均随食物浓度的升高而增加,最大体长分别达到1.087mm、1.125mm、1.225mm、1.313mm;食物浓度对模糊秀体溢的胚胎发育时间,平均寿命,个体累计产幼数无显著影响：随着食物浓度的升高,模糊秀体滏初次怀卵体长显著增加,繁殖前期的历时相应缩短,平均每胎产幼数增加：内禀增长率随食物浓度升高而增大,达到0.6mg／L后比较稳定。浓度为0.6mg／L时,模糊秀体潘的净生殖率也达到最大值。1.0mg／L组的世代时间最短,内禀增长率接近最大值。0.6mg／L和1.0mg／L为模糊秀体潘生长比较适宜的食物浓度。热带自然水体中,模糊秀体潘相对其它浮游动物个体小和怀卵率低的现象并非食物不足所致;食物充足条件下的最大成体的个体大小与野外样品接近,也说明自然水体中捕食并没有显著影响成体的个体大小。模糊秀体潘体型较小、身体透明、行动敏捷,容易逃避鱼类的捕食,可能是模糊秀体潘能在食物丰富的热带水体中,特别是透明度较低的富营养化湖泊中能够成为枝角类中优势种的主要原因。     

文蛤早期发育阶段生长性状遗传参数的估计

采用部分因子设计构建了23个全同胞家系,应用单性状及两性状动物模型对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)早期不同生长发育时期的生长性状进行遗传力和相关性估计。结果表明,文蛤附着变态期以及稚贝期生长性状的遗传力并无显著差别,在0.11~0.41范围内变化,属于中等遗传力。非遗传的共同环境效应随着年龄的增长而呈现上升趋势,由附着变态期的0.02逐渐增加到稚贝期的0.38,且稚贝期的共同环境效应显著大于其附着变态期(P0.01)。壳长与壳高表型相关和遗传相关的分析结果显示,从附着变态期到稚贝期,壳长与壳高之间的表型相关及遗传相关都存在极显著的正相关性,相关系数的范围分别为0.84~0.95、0.93~0.99。早期发育连续时间段生长性状之间的遗传相关均为正相关,但并不显著,且不同时期的遗传相关也不尽相同(0.34~0.71)。     

不同底质对方斑东风螺生长及存活的影响

比较了自然沙、棕色陶粒、白色陶粒、70%棕色陶粒+30%贝壳砂、贝壳砂等5种底质材料及空白对照组(无底质),对体质量为0.193 g±0.03 g的方斑东风螺生长、存活、摄食以及培育过程中水质的影响。结果表明,白色陶粒组的存活率为80%,显著低于其他各组(P0.05);棕色陶粒组的体质量特定生长率最高(4.31%/d),且显著优于白色陶粒组和对照组(P0.05);棕色陶粒处理组方斑东风螺的饵料转化效率显著高于白色陶粒组和空白对照组;水质中总氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD均呈上升趋势,各组之间差异不显著。     

劈裂生长的形态发生及内部解剖结构特征的研究

对绵刺劈裂生长的形态发生及内部解剖结构特征进行了观察,研究结果如下：①绵刺的劈裂生长有两种类型,一种是首先茎从基部到根部发生多次劈裂,以后地上的茎部再相应发生分裂而形成几个独立的植株;另一种是茎基部以上的部位先发生纵裂,而根部后发生分离;②劈裂生长首先在茎基部发生,当绵刺植株生长到5 a以上的时候,这个部位的形成层活动不均匀,出现不规则的木质部排列,形成花环状结构,在相邻的两环状部位进行劈裂;③由于受劈裂生长的影响,劈裂发生后的植株的根部年轮分布不规则,发生劈裂部位的形成层活动不均匀,形成的次生木质部中导管数量少,口径也小,木纤维数量增多,细胞排列紧密而形成缢缩。