A panel-free method for time-domain analysis of the radiation problem

A panel-free method (PFM), based on the desingularized Green’s formulae proposed by Landweber and Macagno, has been developed to solve the radiation problem of a floating body in the time domain. The velocity potential due to a non-impulsive velocity is obtained by solving the boundary integral equation in terms of source strength distribution. The singularity in the Rankine source term of the time-dependent Green function is removed. The geometry of a body surface is mathematically represented by NURBS surfaces. The integral equation can be globally discretized over the body surface by Gaussian quadratures. No assumption is needed for certain degree of approximation of distributed source strength on the body surface. The accuracy of PFM was demonstrated by its application to a classical problem of uniform flow past a sphere. The response function of a hemisphere at zero speed was then computed by PFM. The computed response function, added-mass and damping coefficients are compared with other published results.     

Intercomparison of wave-driven current models

Seven numerical models which simulate waves and currents in the surf-zone are tested for the case of a reduced-scale detached breakwater subjected to the action of regular waves with normal incidence. The computed wave heights, water levels and velocities are compared with measurements collected in an experimental wave basin. The wave height decay in the surf-zone is predicted reasonably well. Set-up and currents appear to be less well predicted. This intercomparison exercise shows that radiation stresses are systematically overestimated by formulations used in the models, mean bottom shear stresses are not always co-linear with the mean bottom velocity vector in shallow water, and turbulence modelling in the surf-zone requires a sophisticated     

Diffraction–radiation of multiple floating structures in directional waves

The dynamics of multiple floating structures have been studied using the finite element method. The emphasis is on the hydrodynamic behaviour of multiple bodies under a multi-directional wave field. A two-dimensional numerical model has been adopted to evaluate hydrodynamic coefficients and forces in an oblique wave field. The responses in sway, heave and roll modes are reported. The linear filter technique is then used to extrapolate the responses under directional waves. The effect of mean wave direction and directional homogeneity on the hydrodynamic behaviour of the structure is studied. Based on the present study, it is found that the two-dimensional model is applicable to investigate the wave-structure interaction problems of the type herein considered.     

Seakeeping of two ships in close proximity

Underway replenishment is an essential component of long-term naval operations. During underway replenishment, two ships travel in close proximity at moderate forward speed. This paper examines the hydrodynamic interactions that can influence seakeeping during such operations. Presented numerical predictions include the influence of interaction effects on hydrodynamic forces for two ships in waves. A scarcity of validation material for numerical predictions prompted new towing tank experiments for two ships in waves. The experiments used semi-captive models, and the numerical code was modified to include restraining forces for specified modes. The numerical predictions and experiments show that the presence of a larger ship can significantly influence the motions of a smaller ship in close proximity.     

黑河中游间作农田的辐射收支特征分析

利用布设在黑河流域中游的张掖绿洲区的一套自动气象观测系统在2003-2004年的资料,分析了一个完整年度内春小麦和夏玉米间作农田生态系统的辐射收支及其变化特征。结果表明:太阳辐射Rs年平均为192.9 W.m-2.d-1,冬、春季较小,夏、秋季较大。反射辐射Rr平均为37.8 W.m-2.d-1,在土壤裸露时较大,随着作物覆盖度的增大呈下降趋势。地表反射率平均为0.22,在年内的变化趋势与反射辐射Rr基本一致。地面向上长波辐射Rlu和向下长波辐射Rld年平均分别为353.3 W.m-2.d-1和278.0 W.m-2.d-1,两者在1月份最小,从2月开始增大,到7月达到最大,随后持续降低至12月。有效辐射(Rlu-Rld)在农作物主要生长期的5~9月为70 W.m-2.d-1左右,春末夏初增加较大。净辐射Rn全年日均值为79.8 W.m-2,占太阳辐射量Rs的35%。在作物的主要生长季节(5~9月)Rn日平均达141 W.m-2,在无作物生长的季节(1~2月和11~12月),Rn日均值在8 W.m-2左右。光合有效辐射PAR全年累积值为2580.9 MJ.m-2,日均82.7 W.m-2,占太阳辐射量Rs的42.2%。PAR在年度内变化大。在无作物生长季节,PAR日均值一般在40~50 W.m-2。3月PAR迅速增大,日平均值达到78 W.m-2,PAR在7月达到最大,日均值为128 W.m-2。     

The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part III: Behaviour and quality of the radiation measurements

An important part of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) was the measurement of the net radiation and its components. Since the terrain, an irrigated cotton field, could not be considered homogeneous, radiation measurements were made at nine sites using a variety of radiation instruments, including pyranometers, pyrgeometers and net radiometers. At several of these sites multiple instruments were employed, which enabled us to compare instruments and assess accuracies. At all sites the outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation and the net radiation were measured, while the incoming radiation was supposed to be uniformly distributed over the field and was therefore measured at three sites only. Net radiation was calculated for all sites from the sum of its four components, and compared with the direct measurement of net radiometers. The main conclusions were: (a) the outgoing shortwave radiation showed differences of up to 30 W m⁻² over the field; the differences were not clearly related to the irrigation events; (b) the outgoing longwave radiation showed differences of up to 50 W m⁻²; the differences increased during the periods of irrigation; (c) the net radiation showed differences of several tens of W m⁻² across the field, rising to 50 W m⁻² or more during the periods of irrigation; (d) the net radiation is preferably to be inferred from its four components, rather than measured directly, and (e) attention should be paid to the characteristics of pyranometers that measure the outgoing radiation, and thus are mounted upside down, while they are commonly calibrated in the upward position. The error in the net radiation at EBEX-2000 is estimated at max (25 W m⁻², 5%) per site during the day and 10 W m⁻² at night. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.     

Compositional Distribution and Growth Mode of Garnet Porphyroblasts during Deformation and Metamorphism

Although porphyroblast microstructures play an important role in structural and metamorphic studies, there are still controversies in the interpretation. The focus is how porphyroblasts grow during deformation and metamorphism. In this paper, we introduce a new approach, the Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence, to a hemi-quantitative interpretation of the growth mode of porphyroblasts. The analysis was done at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The specimens were sampled from metapelite of the Baoyintu Group, northern Urad Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia. The new method is successful for determining the microscopic distribution of trace elements in porphybroblasts. The results support the theory of deformation partition, which has been brought forth by Bell and his colleagues, and demonstrate the existence of porphyroblast growth phases and the growth mode of porphyroblasts by hemi-quantitative mineral chemical analysis. The porphyroblast grows stage by stage in the manner of the distribution     

卫星海洋水色遥感信息特征量的研究

首先从卫星海洋水色遥感机理出发,提出了水色遥感信息的两个特征量──归一化反照率（Ａｌｂｅｄｏ）和辐射信噪比（ＳＮＲ）。其次,针对中国“九五”期间计划发射的海洋水色卫星的轨道参数和安装在卫星上的水色扫描仪（ＣＯＣＴＳ）水色通道为对象,上中国海区为遥感目标,通过两个特征量的模拟计算结果,进行了大洋和沿岸两类不同水体信息特征量的比较。最后,研究了信息特征量的时间和空间响应。研究的结果为中国计划发射的海洋水色卫星图像质量预测和应用潜力的评估提供了一定的科学依据。     

Vla and Spacecraft Observations of Solar Activity

We describe the world's largest synthesis radio telescope, the Very Large Array (VLA), and how it can be used to complement observations with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Yohkoh solar spacecraft. The VLA provides images with high spatial and temporal resolution, often across the visible solar disk. The VLA also detects nonthermal radiation that is not observed with SOHO and Yohkoh, and provides estimates for the coronal magnetic field strengths that are not directly measured by these spacecraft. The VLA data can be combined with SOHO CDS, SOHO EIT, or Yohkoh SXT observations to provide new insights to the compact, variable sources, called blinkers and bright points, in the solar transition region or low corona. A new 400 cm VLA system provides images of nonthermal burst activity associated with Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and may detect thermal emission from CMEs, that can be compared with SOHO's LASCO and EIT instruments to obtain new information about the origin and evolution of CMEs.     

The effect of aerosols on the temperatures of a zonal average climate model

The effect of atmospheric aerosols on the temperatures of a zonal average climate model is investigated. This is done by introducing into the climate model the results of extensive calculations of the effect of aerosols on the partitioning of solar radiation. Calculations are performed for a non-absorbing and a sloghtly absorbing aerosol, for average and for heavy aerosol amounts. The results indicate that the presence of atmospheric aerosols causes a cooling of the earth's surface and atmosphere, at all latitudes, with aerosol amounts, especially for the absorbing aerosols. The results are compared with some of the previous estimates of aerosol effects on climate.