成都东北部地区太阳辐射特征分析

该文利用2018年1月—12月成都东北部地区的太阳辐射观测资料,分析了辐射能量的收支状况和特征。结果表明:成都东北部地区各辐射分量(除净长波辐射)均是夏季最强,冬季最弱,最大值出现在8月。净长波辐射春季最强,秋季最弱,与空气相对湿度、气温日较差分别成负相关、正相关。净全辐射白天为正值,晚上为负值。成都东北部地区全年有10.7%的太阳短波辐射被地表反射,接收的太阳短波辐射有29.36%被地表以长波辐射的方式释放到大气,对地气系统能量收支的贡献为61.18%。     

近50年中国光合有效辐射的时空变化(英文)

Based on long-term measurement data of weather/ecological stations over China,this paper calculated and produced annually-and seasonally-averaged Photosynthetically Active Radiation(PAR) spatial data from 1961 to 2007,using climatological calculations and spatialization techniques.The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR spatial data over China in recent 50 years were analyzed with Mann-Kendall trend analysis method and GIS spatial analysis techniques.The results show that:(1) As a whole,the spatial distribution of PAR is complex and inhomogeneous across China,with lower PAR in the eastern and southern parts of China and higher PAR in the western part.Mean annual PAR over China ranges from 17.7 mol m-2 d-1 to 39.5 mol m-2 d-1.(2) Annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR of each pixel over China are averaged as a whole and the mean values decline visibly with fluctuant processes,and the changing rate of annually-averaged PAR is-0.138 mol m-2 d-1/10a.The changing amplitudes among four seasons are different,with maximum dropping in summer,and the descending speed of PAR is faster before the 1990s,after which the speed slows down.(3) The analysis by each pixel shows that PAR declines significantly(α=0.05) in most parts of China.Summer and winter play more important roles in the interannual variability of PAR.North China is always a decreasing zone in four seasons,while the northwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau turns to be an increasing zone in four seasons.(4) The spatial distributions of the interannual variability of PAR vary among different periods.The interannual variabilities of PAR in a certain region are different not only among four seasons,but also among different periods.     

阿尔卑斯山杉林冠层影响辐射传输的个例分析

利用瑞士Alptal观测站杉树林冠层上方、下方的辐射观测资料,分析了冠层对短波辐射的减弱及对长波辐射的增幅作用及其季节变化。结果表明,对比较密集的常绿针叶林,冠层对入射短波辐射的透过率随着太阳高度的降低而减小,春季以后趋于稳定;冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用随天气状况而变化,这种增幅作用在晴空条件下最显著,可达1.5倍。在冬季,因为太阳辐射较弱,冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用超过对短波辐射的减弱从而增加地面净辐射。在其它季节,太阳辐射比较强,冠层对短波辐射的减弱超过对长波辐射的增幅作用而减少地面净辐射。地面净辐射与冠层上方气温的变化趋势虽然在有些时段一致,但在伴随降雪过程的降温时段,地面净辐射与气温的变化趋势近乎反相,在积雪融化时段,地面净辐射的增加比气温升高更显著,尤其是在白天。     

Natural radioactivity assessment of surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary

The activities of the natural radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K) of the surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary were determined and used to evaluate radiation hazards in the study area. The of activities of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K ranges from 14.1 to 62.3, 26.1 to 71.9, 13.7 to 52.3, and 392 to 898 Bq kg^? 1, respectively, which were comparable to values of other regions in China. The activities of ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²²⁶Ra were clearly different from the global recommended values. The radium equivalent activity was less than the recommended limit of 370 Bq kg^? 1; therefore, the sediment in this area can be safely used for reclamation. The external hazard index values were less than one. The average absorbed gamma dose rate and annual effective dose equivalent values were slightly greater than the world average value. ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U and ²³²Th/²³⁸U ratios could potentially be applied for tracing sediment source.     

Analysis of different parameterisations of waveform inversion of compressional body waves in an elastic transverse isotropic Earth with a vertical axis of symmetry

In a multi‐parameter waveform inversion, the choice of the parameterisation influences the results and their interpretations because leakages and the tradeoff between parameters can cause artefacts. We review the parameterisation selection when the inversion focuses on the recovery of the intermediate‐to‐long wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the compressional body (P) waves. Assuming a transverse isotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry and weak anisotropy, analytical formulas for the radiation patterns are developed to quantify the tradeoff between the shear velocity and the anisotropic parameters and the effects of setting to zero the shear velocity in the acoustic approach. Because, in an anisotropic medium, the radiation patterns depend on the angle of the incident wave with respect to the vertical axis, two particular patterns are discussed: a transmission pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors are parallel and a reflection pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors satisfy Snell's law. When the inversion aims at recovering the long‐to‐intermediate wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the P‐waves, we propose to base the parameterisation choice on the transmission patterns. Since the P‐wave events in surface seismic data do not constrain the background (smooth) vertical velocity due to the velocity/depth ambiguity, the preferred parameterisation contains a parameter that has a transmission pattern concentrated along the vertical axis. This parameter can be fixed during the inversion which reduces the size of the model space. The review of several parameterisations shows that the vertical velocity, the Thomsen parameter δ, or the Thomsen parameter ε have a transmission pattern along the vertical axis depending on the parameterisation choice. The review of the reflection patterns of those selected parameterisations should be done in the elastic context. Indeed, when reflection data are also inverted, there are potential leakages of the shear parameter at intermediate angles when we carry out acoustic inversion.     

地震作用下场地有限元建模时底部边界条件的影响

用有限元方法对场地进行地震反应分析时需将半无限域的场地有限化。本文针对底部人工边界的设置,采用滞回阻尼假设,推导了同时包含辐射阻尼和材料阻尼的均质场地地表位移放大系数解析式,进而研究了材料阻尼和辐射阻尼的变化对放大系数的影响。有限元建模时相当于忽略了辐射阻尼,计算误差会随着所分析场地阻抗的增加而逐渐增大,在共振区附近,忽略任一种阻尼的影响,都将显著地高估地表动力反应;远离共振区,阻尼的影响会迅速衰退。本文提出了通过增加场地材料阻尼来弥补所忽略的辐射阻尼的思路,并给出了有限元建模时考虑辐射阻尼后新的材料阻尼的确定方法。     

H+频段EMIC波对辐射带相对论电子的投掷角扩散系数的多维建模

电磁离子回旋波(Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves,简称EMIC波)在地球辐射带电子动力学过程中扮演着非常重要的角色.通过波粒相互作用,EMIC波能有效地散射相对论电子,造成辐射带相对论电子快速沉降损失从而影响相对论电子通量演化.因此在地球辐射带动力学建模中,快速准确地获取EMIC波对相对论电子的散射效应信息非常必要.利用基于准线性理论的Full Diffusion Code (FDC),本文主要研究了辐射带H⁺频段EMIC波对相对论电子的散射效应,并定量计算了EMIC波对相对论电子的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数.为了方便快速地进行辐射带多维度建模,我们建立了L=1.5~7,α^*=3~30范围内的扩散系数矩阵库.文中展示了L分别为3、4和5时α^*为3~30时H⁺频段EMIC波三种不同传播角模型的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数,其随不同输入参数的变化特征与前人结果基本一致.基于所建立的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数矩阵库,我们使用线性插值方法计算得到了L为3.25、4.35、5.55时在等离子体层顶内外的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数.通过计算比较FDC和线性插值两种方法得到的扩散系数的相对误差,我们进一步验证了线性插值方法对于快速获取扩散系数的可行性和准确性.我们的结果表明,扩散系数的多维矩阵构建和线性插值获取能有效提高辐射带动力学建模的效率,对地球辐射带动理学快速建模和空间天气预报有着重要意义.

     

适用于任意滑动面的边坡稳定性分析辐射条分法

辐射条分法较其他条分法在条分划分上存在一定优势,但目前仅适用于圆弧滑动面型式,且在安全系数计算方法上也不如其他条分法全面。本文提出一种适用于任意形状滑动面的辐射条分划分模式,以辐射土条为单元对其进行受力分析,并根据以往研究成果将条间剪切力考虑为2种方向类型,然后建立严格的力和力矩平衡方程式,进而推导出一般条间力假设条件下的安全系数计算公式。当使用Sarma法和M-P法条间力假设条件时研究其在辐射条分法中的适用性;为拓宽M-P法在辐射条分法下的使用范围,通过分析辐射条分与竖直条分条间力的关系,基于M-P法条间力关系,提出2种新的条间力假设条件。在特定滑动面(包括圆弧和任意曲线)和不同条分数时对各方法的可行性进行研究,并经过算例对比分析,可知:(1)当条间剪切力方向为方向一时,Sarma法和3种M-P法条间力假设条件都能较好地应用于边坡稳定性辐射条分法; (2)2种基于M-P法下的新的条间力假设条件较传统M-P法条间力假设条件对计算结果的收敛性进行了改进; (3)任意曲线滑动面较圆弧滑动面在辐射条分法中更具有适用性。     

基于紫外辐射测量冰雹的新方法研究

冰雹对农业、工业等会造成很大危害,多年来一直没有一种比较有效、简单的方法来对冰雹进行测量和预测.本文给出了一种利用测量闪电中紫外线的方法进行冰雹的测量和预测的方法和设备,经实验验证,这种方法能够较精确地测量出冰雹存在的类型(非雹云、弱雹云和强雹云),从而为有效地进行消雹作业提供依据.     

南海季风建立前后珠江三角洲的陆气热量交换与热力边界层结构特征

根据动力与热力指标,2004和2005年南海季风建立前后可分成明显的4个阶段--季风建立前的雨期、非雨期;季风建立后的活跃期与非活跃期.对2004和2005年南海季风建立前后的广州番禺综合外场观测资料进行分析,得到了这4个阶段陆气热量交换与热力边界层的主要特征净辐射与净短波辐射的变化趋势基本一致,净短波辐射与净长波辐射之比为3.49-4.81,净短波辐射是净辐射的主要贡献项,云量与降水是控制净短波辐射与净辐射的直接因素;季风活跃期间午间对流云系对太阳辐射衰减显著,造成了辐射各分量以及热通量的峰值区变窄,量值急剧变小;季风建立前后感热与潜热均是净辐射的主要消耗项,占净辐射的90%以上,潜热明显大于感热,2005年较2004年潜热的分配额有明显的增加,其原因可能与近地层的风速较大,总是维持向上的湿度梯度有关;季风建立前后除季风活跃期外边界层位温结构均具有明显的日变化特征,午间混合层可发展至1070 m,而季风活跃期间午间混合层发展受到对流云释放潜热的抑制,导致季风活跃期混合层消失的现象,分析还发现季风建立前后各阶段夜间残余混合层均不明显.分析表明引起陆气能量过程及边界层热力结构差异的关键因素之一是云系与降水,加强边界层过程与降水宏微观过程相互作用的研究是深入认识陆气过程与边界层结构特征的关键.