福建省前汛期短历时降水气候的统计特征

通过对福建省前汛期短历时降水气候频数和概率进行分类合成对比分析，揭示了在不同地形环境下（不同海拔高度、距海远近、山脉坡向、山区与河谷盆地等）短历时降水气候的不同特征，说明地形对降水的影响是十分明显的。     

Confidence regions for GPS baselines by Bayesian statistics

 The global positioning system (GPS) model is distinctive in the way that the unknown parameters are not only real-valued, the baseline coordinates, but also integers, the phase ambiguities. The GPS model therefore leads to a mixed integer–real-valued estimation problem. Common solutions are the float solution, which ignores the ambiguities being integers, or the fixed solution, where the ambiguities are estimated as integers and then are fixed. Confidence regions, so-called HPD (highest posterior density) regions, for the GPS baselines are derived by Bayesian statistics. They take care of the integer character of the phase ambiguities but still consider them as unknown parameters. Estimating these confidence regions leads to a numerical integration problem which is solved by Monte Carlo methods. This is computationally expensive so that approximations of the confidence regions are also developed. In an example it is shown that for a high confidence level the confidence region consists of more than one region. Received: 1 February 2001 / Accepted: 18 July 2001     

Nowcasting precipitation, clouds, and surface state in winter

Freezing of rainwater on a surface is often caused by nocturnal clearing after precipitation, which goes along with radiative cooling. Forecasting cloudiness, and especially the risk of clearing, on a scale of 1 to 3 h is of interest in the domains of road weather, agriculture, or water management.Cloud amount and the difference between air and surface temperature are important parameters of the radiation balance. In this contribution, we show the relationship between them, proved at several stations all over Switzerland. We found a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and improved it considering other meteorological parameters like wind speed. We conclude that temperature difference is a signature for nocturnal cloudiness.We investigated nocturnal cloudiness for a case from winter 2001/02 in northern Switzerland. An ultra-dense combination of two networks with 70 stations in total is operated, measuring air and surface temperature, wind and other parameters. With the aid of our equations, these measurements where converted into cloud maps, including also precipitation seen by radar. We identified a frontal precipitation area, postfrontal clearing, freezing, and the first clouds of a following frontal passage.All these findings will contribute to a better observation and predictability of surface state and other risks connected with radiative cooling.     

太行山山前平原降水量特征及其分布的小波分析——以栾城为例

运用墨西哥帽函数(Mexican Hat Function)小波分析方法对太行山山前平原典型地区的栾城站40年来的降水量以及当地典型作物冬小麦不同生育期阶段的降水量进行了小波分析。结果表明，分时段的降水量并无一个稳定的周期，而是变周期。该区全年降水量变化在40年尺度上可分为1980年前的偏多期和其后的偏少期；10～30年尺度上可分为60年代末以前的偏多、1997年以后的偏少和这期间的动荡期；在较小时间尺度上存在5～7年的周期变化，今后10年内年降水量的总体趋势依旧偏少，5年内为少中有稍偏高于平均降水量的趋势。冬小麦全生育期均存在较明显的4个阶段的交替变化，1967年以前的偏多期、1967～1983年左右的偏少期、1984～1994年左右的偏多期、1995年以后的偏少期。     

Climatic effect of ENSO associated with landslide occurrence in the Central Andes, Mendoza Province, Argentina

Temporal distribution of landslides can be verified by means of climatic anomalies linked to the ENSO phenomenon. An increasing number of landslides triggered by rainfall have been recorded during warm episodes (El Niño) in the Cordillera Frontal, and a decreasing number during cold episodes (La Niña), concluding that this geological province is mainly influenced by the Pacific Anticyclone. However, slope instability in the Precordillera, located east of the Cordillera Frontal, seems to be mainly influenced by the Atlantic Anticyclone. Analysis of variance shows that there is no significant difference between landslide records and cold-warm episodes, and a higher number of landslides were recorded in years linked to wet periods than during dry periods. Furthermore, the precipitation threshold value associated with landslide occurrence and antecedent precipitation are analysed.     

Inter-annual variability and interaction of remote-sensed vegetation index and atmospheric precipitation in the Aral Sea region

The remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (AVHRR NDVI) and precipitation data were analysed in the Aral Sea region in Central Asia during two recent decades. Both variables exhibited pronounced seasonal variation, with maximum precipitation in March and maximum NDVI in May–June. The regions of synchronous seasonal and inter-annual variability between the vegetation index and precipitation were distinguished using the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) method and time-lagged correlations between EOF modes. At a seasonal scale, precipitation and the vegetation index were correlated with a time lag from 1 to 6 months in different regions with peak plant growth following precipitation maxima.     

红河断裂带大型右旋走滑运动定量研究的若干问题

通过卫航片解释、野外地质调查和相关年代学研究与综合前人已有资料分析,阐明了红河断裂带作为一个整体自中新世以来大规模右旋位错的地质依据,论述红河断裂带在几何学、运动学和年代学等方面的基本特征,探讨了红河断裂带后期大规模右旋走滑运动与青藏高原隆升间的某些相关性。研究表明:中新世以来,红河断裂带大规模右旋走滑运动在北段区主要表现为尾端拉张伸展——构成典型的滇西北裂陷盆地区,且自中新世经上新世至第四纪,伸展型盆地由西北向东南扩展;中段区为典型的右旋走滑变形区,燕山晚期花岗岩体、上新世煤盆及礼社江水系均显示为同步右旋位错。上新世以来右旋位错量达30～32km;南段带内由山前水系右旋位错和断裂谷内右旋“撕裂”变形为主要特征。从中新世经上新世至第四纪,与山体快速隆起相伴的断陷盆地有从东南向西北扩展的趋势。根据地质研究结果,并结合区内K-Ar、FT和SEM测年资料分析,可以初步认为,红河断裂带大型右旋走滑运动开始于8～7Ma,强烈活动于5Ma±。     

The influence of Asian summer monsoon variability on the water balance of a Tibetan lake

Past water-balance changes in Tibetan lakes are generally attributed to changes in the strength of the summer monsoon. However, the water balance of a lake reflects many different water fluxes, which are controlled by many climatic and hydrologic processes. In this research, weather data and evaporation models are used to determine the climatic cause of a recent water-balance change in Ahung Co, a lake in central Tibet. Between 1995 and 2001, lake level rose at least 20 cm and the lake began to overflow. Results indicate that an increase in summer monsoon precipitation over the lake and drainage basin is responsible for the rise in lake level. Stronger monsoon conditions between 1995 and 2001 also led to decreased lake evaporation and basin evapotranspiration due to increased clouds and humidity. This contributed to the rise in lake level, but to a much smaller extent than the increase in monsoon precipitation. Lake evaporation during the spring and fall was also reduced between 1995 and 2001 due to longer lasting ice cover. Variations in ice cover play a small role in the overall water balance of Ahung Co, however, because the lake area is small compared to the drainage basin area. If these results hold true for the past, water-balance fluctuations inferred from the geochemistry of sediments from Ahung Co provide a record of variations in monsoon precipitation during the Holocene.     

ENSO事件对淮河流域降水的影响

用30a的资料研究表明，ENSO事件和淮河流域降水异常之间有明显的相关性。功率谱分析显示ENSO的冷事件和暖事件有三个共同的明显周期，即18个月、26个月和47个月；淮河流域降水异常的周期成分复杂，但同样存在明显的26个月周期。对ENSO事件年份淮河流域降水异常的年内分布规律的分析结果表明：El Nino年份的春季和冬季降水明显增多，而在La Nina年份降水普遍减少，尤其以7月减少最为显著；在SO指数偏高年份，淮河流域降水明显减少，尤其是9、10、11三个月，减少量都在30％以上；而在SO指数偏低年份，春季和冬季降水增多明显。时间序列的滞后分析发现淮河流域降水异常对ENSO事件有3个月左右的响应滞后时间，对EL Nino响应的滞后时间大约4～5个月。     

降水自记纸彩色扫描数字化处理系统

降水自记纸彩色扫描数字化处理系统是实现由降水自记纸彩色图像转变成每分钟降水量的计算机处理系统。该文介绍了降水自记纸彩色扫描数字化处理系统的设计思想、系统结构和系统功能（自记纸预处理、扫描、扫描检查、降水曲线提取、降水强度数据转换），并从降水自记纸扫描图形的数字化精度分析和扫描分辨率、降水曲线自动跟踪提取（降水曲线彩色表征区分、降水曲线迹线跟踪提取、图像旋转技术、图像二值化和滚动条改变阈值、图像同步显示技术、鼠标定位键盘方向键微量移动修正技术）、图形数字化数据处理技术（尾数累计进位及其误差、二项式滑动平均法）、同步定位显示技术等系统设计中的代表性技术进行了介绍。降水自记纸彩色扫描数字化处理系统已在全国各省投入业务应用。