Observations of surface radon in Central Italy

Two years of in situ radon concentration measurements in the atmospheric surface layer have been collected in a central Italy town (L’Aquila), located in the Aterno river valley. These data have been analyzed in order to study the controlling mechanisms of surface radon abundance; observations of coincident meteorological parameters confirmed the role of dynamics on the local removal rate of this tracer. The relatively high negative correlation of hourly data of surface wind speed and radon activity concentration (R = −0.54, on annual scale) suggests that dynamical removal of radon is one of the most important controlling processes of the tracer accumulation in the atmospheric surface layer. An attempt is made to quantify the precipitation impact on radon soil fluxes. No anticorrelation of radon and precipitation comes out from the data (R = −0.15), as in previous studies. However, since the main physical parameter affecting the ground radon release is expected to be the soil accumulation of water, snow or ice, the emission flux has also been correlated with soil moisture; in this way a much clearer anticorrelation is found (R = −0.54).     

摩擦材料中微量石棉的检测方法研究

研究了自行车、电动车车闸等摩擦材料中质量分数为5．0％～0．1％石棉的光学显微镜定性分析与X射线衍射定量分析方法。根据光学显微镜下矿物光性的判断结合X射线衍射进行定性分析,确定有无石棉。对判定为有石棉的样品通过X射线衍射基底吸收修正法,测出试样中的石棉含量,计算出石棉的质量分数。研究成果解决了微量（质量分数低至0．1％）石棉的定量分析难题,对支持我国自行车、电动车等产品的出口具有现实的意义。     

异极矿中锌EDTA容量分析法的改进

异极矿中锌的EDTA容量法分析有不足之处。提出使用全过滤方法,用60℃左右的氨水（10＋100）溶液作为洗液对分离沉淀物进行洗涤,使共沉淀的Zn^2＋洗脱进入分析系统,从而提高分析精度。     

Redox Potential and Seasonal Porewater Biogeochemistry of Three Mountain Wetlands in Southeastern Kentucky, USA

Redox potentials (Eh) were monitored bimonthly and porewater chemistry was analyzed seasonally at three slightly-acidic, high-elevation Kentucky wetlands that differed in hydrology, parent materials, and vegetation. At all sites, Eh values were below 300 mV, which indicated that reducing conditions persisted within the upper 90 cm and fluctuated mainly within the range of iron and sulfate reduction. Significant relationships of Eh values with depth were observed only at the Martins Fork wetland, where precipitation was the primary water source. The strongest and most stable reducing conditions, observed at the Kentenia site, reflected consistently high water levels, which were sustained by ground water. The third wetland (Four Level) was distinguished by irregular Eh fluctuations coinciding with strong seasonal ground-water upwelling. Although Fe³⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ were the primary terminal electron acceptors in all wetlands, porewater chemistry also varied significantly by season and soil depth in response to piezometric water level fluctuations. Additional factors that influenced porewater chemistry included: (1) the presence of limestone parent materials that affected porewater pH, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺; and (2) the prevalence of sphagnum moss or graminoid species that influenced dissolved organic carbon, CO₂, and CH₄. Results from this study indicated the diverse range and importance of multiple factors in controlling biogeochemical processes and properties in small, high-elevation Appalachian wetlands.     

1958～2019年漠河市气温及降水突变分析

采用集合经验模分解（ensemble empirical mode decomposition, EEMD）以及滑动t检验方法,基于漠河市1958～2019年逐日气温及降水数据,对其进行了趋势及突变分析。结果表明,漠河市日平均温度年平均整体呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.43°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来年均温突变时间点为20世纪80年代中后期;漠河市日最高温度年平均呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.61°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来日最高温年平均突变时间点为20世纪80年代中后期;漠河市日最低温年平均变化趋势为先增加后减小,整体呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.21°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来日最低温年平均突变时间点为20世纪80年代前中期和20世纪90年代中后期。漠河市年降雨量、夜间年降雨量和白天年降雨量均呈先减后增的变化趋势,且增加幅度远高于减小幅度,整体呈增加趋势,EEMD非线性降雨量增加速率分别为14.05 mm (10 a)－1、7.71 mm (10 a)－1和5.12 mm (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来年降雨量、夜间年降雨量和白天年降雨量均不存在时间突变点;EEMD和线性趋势分析均表明漠河市近60年来气温和降水都均呈增加趋势,但前者增加速率远高于后者,说明传统的线性趋势分析可能会低估漠河市的气温及降水的增加趋势。     

新疆地区夏季多层土壤温度分布及其近45年的变化特征

利用覆盖新疆地区87个站点1961～2005年的资料,对新疆地区夏季的多层土壤温度进行了系统分析,并对降水量、日照时数和地面气温3个对地温扰动较大的气象因子进行相关分析。结果表明：（1）新疆地区夏季地温的空间分布特征表现为南疆高于北疆,平原高于山区。浅层土壤大部分地区有较高的地温,最高值达到38℃以上。深层土壤温度分布较低,其中北部的地温只有15℃左右。新疆南部和北疆的准格尔盆地地区有较大的深层-浅层地温较差分布,而天山附近和北疆的山地地区地温较差分布均较小;（2）地面温度45年来经历了20世纪60年代到70年代中期的下降,20世纪70年代中期到80年代初的较快增温,以及20世纪80年代以后的缓慢下降的3个阶段。地面温度（0 cm）在1978年左右有突变现象,其他层次的土壤温度年际变化没有明显的突变特征;（3）40 cm以上新疆地区夏季土壤温度梯度经历了20世纪60年代到70年代中期的下降,20世纪70年代中期到80年代初的较快增长以及20世纪80年代以后的缓慢下降过程,其中20世纪80年代较快增长时期的增长率达到0.0176℃cm–1 a–1。而且MK方法检验表明,1978年以后,新疆地区夏季土壤温度梯度增大趋势显著;（4）多层土壤温度的年际变化与降水量成负相关关系,与日照时数和地面气温主要成正相关关系。3个气象因子与多层地温的相关关系从高到底的排列为：地面气温、降水量、日照时数,而且浅层地温高于深层地温。     

准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带封闭性评价

本次研究采用断面正应力大小、泥岩削刮比(SGR)、断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)和断面紧闭指数等定量参数,对车拐地区红车断裂封闭性进行了详细评价。结果显示泥岩削刮比(SGR)均值为0.6,断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)均值为0.51,泥质充填程度较高,断面正应力大小变化不大,为69.54~73.11MPa,整体较大,紧闭指数为1.28~8.25,均值为3.98。从而认为准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带二叠系及三叠系封闭性较好,侏罗系封闭性差。红车断裂带中部、北部断层封闭性较好,而发育于浅部乌尔禾组、三工河组内的小断层在现今及油气成藏期的封闭性也普遍较好。     

伊犁河谷大气降水同位素特征及环境意义

为研究伊犁谷地降水同位素特征及陆地内循环对其的影响,为流域水循环研究提供科学依据,于2016年在伊宁、尼勒克和新源气象站采集降水同位素样品。采用回归对照法,讨论降水氘氧稳定同位素的影响因素。研究表明,研究区大气降水线方程为δD=7.96δ^18O+10.37,与全球大气降水线较接近,水汽主要由西风带输送;氘氧同位素夏季富集冬季贫化而氘盈余无规律变化,由于降水过程不仅受温度效应,还受到水汽陆地再循环影响。冬夏季样品在D-^18O关系图中分布特征,证明冬夏影响降水同位素本地水循环因素不同,夏季以云下蒸发为主。根据对氘过量计算的夏季降水雨滴蒸发分数为4.1%~16.2%,再次证明夏季云下蒸发效应明显,而在冬季云下蒸发效应几乎不会发生。     

Impact of Different Intensity Tropical Cyclones on Precipitation Changes in China

Based on the daily precipitation data of more than 2 000 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2017 and the tropical cyclone (TC) best-track data of the China Meteorological Administration, the TC precipitation was identified by the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT). The research shows that the TC precipitation in China has a significant downward trend, which is slower than that of the research results 12 years ago. The TC precipitation in the peaking season (July to Sepember) accounted for 78.5% of the total TC precipitation. Both TC precipitation in peaking season and other months showed a significant downward trend. The TC precipitation climate trend is mainly characterized by reduction in spatial distribution, and shows obvious regional differences. From south to north, there is a distribution of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”, and the decreasing trend centers are located in Guangdong and Hainan. According to the maximum intensity in the TC influence period, we classified TCs into three levels (weak TCs, medium intensity TCs and strong TCs) and studied the variations of TC precipitation in different intensities. The results show that the strong TC precipitation shows a significant decrease trend, which mainly determines the influence range and trend of TC total precipitation. Further analysis found that the frequency of affecting TC showed a significant reduction trend during the time period of 1960-2017 and an abrupt shift occurred in 1995. A comparative study of the two periods before and after 1995 showed that compared with the previous period (1960-1994), the frequency of TCs in the latter period (1995-2017) showed a significant decreasing trend in the south of 20°N. The maximum decreasing center was located in the northern part of the South China Sea, and this feature was mainly affected by the strong TC. It was decided that this trend of strong TC led to a decrease trend in the number of precipitation days in South China, especially in Guangdong and Hainan, which led to a decrease trend in TC precipitation.     

太平洋海温异常与西南区夏季降水

本文考察了西南区夏季(5～8月)降水距平分布与太平洋海温场的统计相关,认为与冬季太平洋海温场存在三个显著相关区;在此基础上,分析了其相关的物理机制,得到了基本的物理规律,为西南区夏季降水长期预报提供了有意义的参考经验。