毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛穿透雨量特征及影响因素

于2012年5—9月观测了毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛的穿透雨量,分析了其变化特征及影响因素。结果显示:油蒿灌丛的平均穿透雨量占降雨量百分比(Th%)为72.3%,其中有枯枝灌丛的Th%平均为69.3%,较无枯枝灌丛的75.3%低,这可能是油蒿灌丛老化后土壤水分条件变差的原因之一。油蒿灌丛下穿透雨量及其空间分布受到有无枯枝和距主干辐射距离远近的影响,且受到降雨量和风速风向等气象条件作用明显。     

Measuring similarity of mobile phone user trajectories– a Spatio-temporal Edit Distance method

The rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has provided rich data sources for analyzing, modeling, and interpreting human mobility patterns. This paper contributes to this research area by developing the Spatio-temporal Edit Distance measure, an extended algorithm to determine the similarity between user trajectories based on call detailed records (CDRs). We improve the traditional Edit Distance algorithm by incorporating both spatial and temporal information into the cost functions. The extended algorithm can preserve both space and time information from string-formatted CDR data. The novel method is applied to a large data set from Northeast China in order to test its effectiveness. Three types of analyses are presented for scenarios with and without the effect of time: (1) Edit Distance with spatial information; (2) Edit Distance with time as a factor in the cost function; and (3) Edit Distance with time as a constraint in partitioning trajectories. The outcomes of this research contribute to both methodological and empirical perspectives. The extended algorithm performs well for measuring low-resolution tracking information in CDRs, as well as facilitating the interpretation of user mobility patterns in the age of instant access.     

珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区沼泽湿地提取及其退化风险评价

以珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区为研究区域,选取2009年23幅MODIS NDVI影像,采用傅里叶变换的HA-NTS算法去除云干扰,并重构NDVI时间序列图像.(1)根据研究区沼泽湿地与其他地物类型物候特征的差异,利用光谱角制图方法(SAM)获取了研究区2009年沼泽湿地的分布图.研究区沼泽湿地共有2 481.13km2,...     

基于资源和距离的旅游国际竞争潜力评价理论与实践

本文将旅游竞争力分为旅游竞争效力和潜力两个方面,并从旅游资源和距离两个方面构建旅游国际竞争潜力评价指标体系,运用综合评价法和从特定区域客源市场视角对中国旅游国际竞争潜力进行评价和分析.结果表明,与世界主要旅游强国相比,中国旅游国际竞争潜力综合评价值最高,竞争潜力很大,且在旅游资源方面拥有绝对优势,但在与客源地距离方面总...     

An energy-based methodology for the assessment of seismic demand

A methodology for the assessment of the seismic energy demands imposed on structures is proposed. The research was carried out through two consecutive phases. Inelastic design input energy spectra for systems with a prescribed displacement ductility ratio were first developed. The study of the inelastic behavior of energy factors and the evaluation of the response modification in comparison with the elastic case were performed by introducing two new parameters, namely: (1) the Response Modification Factor of the earthquake input energy (R_E), representing the ratio of the elastic to inelastic input energy spectral values and (2) the ratio α of the area enclosed by the inelastic input energy spectrum in the range of periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s to the corresponding elastic value. The proposed design inelastic energy spectra, resulting from the study of a large set of strong motion records, were obtained as a function of ductility, soil type, source-to-site distance and magnitude.Subsequently, with reference to single degree of freedom systems, the spectra of the hysteretic to input energy ratio were evaluated, for different soil types and target ductility ratios. These spectra, defined to evaluate the hysteretic energy demand of structures, were described by a piecewise linear idealization that allows to distinguish three distinct regions as a function of the vibration period. In this manner, once the inelastic design input energy spectra were determined, the definition of the energy dissipated by means of inelastic deformations followed directly from the knowledge of hysteretic to input energy ratio.The design spectra of both input energy and hysteretic to input energy ratio were defined considering an elasto-plastic behavior. Nevertheless, other constitutive models were taken into account for comparison purposes.     

基岩裂隙水水位沿程变化曲线方程的实验研究

本文根据室内模拟实验，研究了不同条件下隙宽小于3mm单一裂隙基岩水水位沿程变化曲线，验证了孙峰根等人建立的单一裂隙基岩水水位沿程变化的曲线方程。结论对基岩水运动理论的研究具有重要的参考价值。     

金平防浪堤爆破挤淤工程对附近水域及岸上建筑物的影响分析

根据工程的地域特点和工程的施工要求，分析了爆破挤淤技术的原理、参数的选择和可能造成的影响，提出了减小影响的措施，论证了合理地选择爆破参数、采用爆破挤淤技术的可行性。施工实践证明用爆破挤淤技术建设防浪堤是成功的。     

Characteristics of grassland degradation and driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2000*

The source region of the Yellow River is located in the middle east of the Tibetan Plateau in northwest China. The total area is about 51,700 km2, mainly covered by grassland (79%), unused land (16%) and water (4%). The increasing land utilization in this area has increased the risk of environmental degradation. The land use/cover data (1985 and 2000) provided by the Data Center of Resources and Environment in the Chinese Academy of Sciences were used to analyze the land cover change in the source region of the Yellow River. DEM (1:250,000) data, roads and settlement data were used to analyze the spatial characteristics of grasslands degradation. The ArcGIS 9 software was used to convert data types and do the overlay, reclassification and zonal statistic analysis. Results show that grassland degradation is the most important land cover change in the study area, which occupied 8.24% of the region’s total area. Human activities are the main causes of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River: 1) the degradation rate is higher on the sunny slope than on the shady slope; 2) the grassland degradation rate decreases with an increase in the elevation, and it has a correlation coefficient of -0.93; 3) the nearer to the settlements the grassland is, the higher the degradation rate. Especially within a distance range of 12 km to the settlements, the grassland degradation rate is highly related with the distance, with a coefficient of -0.99; and 4) in the range of 4 km, the degradation rate decreases with the increase of distance to the roads, with a correlation coefficient of -0.98. Besides some physical factors, human activities have been the most important driving forces of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River since 1985. To resolve the degradation problems, population control is essential, and therefore, it can reduce the social demand of livestock products from the grassland. To achieve sustainable development, it needs to improve the management of grassland ecosystem.     

Stochastic analysis of beams on reinforced earth beds

The present study comprises Monte-Carlo simulation assisted analysis of foundations resting on reinforced earth beds using the concept of beams on an elastic foundation, treating the modulus of subgrade reaction (MSR) as a stationary stochastic field characterised by mean, variance, autocorrelation function (ACF) and the autocorrelation distance (ACD). Realisations of the MSR, generated by solving a stochastic differential equation, are fed to a deterministic distributed parameter model to generate realisations of two dependent stochastic fields, namely deflection and bending moment in the foundation beam, and two random variables, namely the location of occurrence of maximum deflection and the bending moment. Subsequently these realisations are analysed to evolve probability distribution functions, variance and ACF of the dependent stochastic fields and the random variables. It is revealed that the ACF of these fields is independent of the ACF of the MSR. Further, variance of deflection is found to increase as the ACD of the MSR increases, implying requirement of a larger factor of safety when random soils display low frequency (macro level) variations. On the other hand, variance of the bending moment is larger at smaller ACDs of the MSR, indicating that for bending moments a larger factor of safety is required when the random soils display high frequency (micro level) variations.     

Natural Metrics in the Spaces of Elliptic Orbits

Different natural metrizations by Hölder type on the five dimensional space of Keplerian elliptic orbits are introduced. Certain applications of topological and metrical properties of the space of Keplerian elliptic orbits to several problems of Celestial Mechanics are discussed.