黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理研究

近年来,黄土滑坡灾害发生频率呈现增加的趋势,研究黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理是有效减缓黄土滑坡灾害风险的基础.据西北黄土高原地质灾害详细调查,黄土滑坡的诱发因素有自然和人为2类.自然因素包括地震、河流及沟谷侵蚀、降雨及冻融等;人为因素有堆载与开挖、农业灌溉、修建水库等.研究表明,降水和人类工程活动是最积极的诱发因素.地...     

胶州湾气象水文要素的长期变化

利用线性回归方法对胶州湾1898—2008年气温和降水、1962—2008年的水温和盐度四个气象水文要素的长期变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,百年来胶州湾地区气温的变化呈现波动上升趋势。从1920年前后到1950年的30年间,年平均气温的年变率为0.028℃,从20世纪60年代起至今,年平均气温的年变率为0.031℃。升...     

艾比湖流域气候变化及其径流响应

利用艾比湖流域5个气象站45年的气温降水资料,分析了艾比湖流域的气候变化特征。在近45年当中,艾比湖流城的气候发生了显著的变化,主要表现在气温的升高和降雨量的增加。艾比湖流城气候变化对区城水文水资源的影响主要表现在:1)近45年来艾比湖流域气温存在着明显变暖的总趋势,尤其以20世纪90年代最为明显。气候变暖具有明显的季节性差异,主要是在冬季,而春季变暖的趋势较为缓慢;2)近45年来艾比湖流域降水量呈现增多趋势,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后期,降水量明显偏多,其中夏半年降水量增长趋势率要高于冬半年降水量增长趋势率;3)艾比湖流域主要河流年径流的多年变化不大,总体上博尔塔拉河下游径流量呈减少趋势,而精河径流量呈上升趋势。博尔塔拉河下游地表径流对博乐站年降水量有正响应,精河地表径流对精河水文年降水量有正响应;4)变暖也造成了河湖水质的不断恶化,艾比湖和河流下游水体的矿化度逐年升高,水体化学类型由碳酸盐型向碳酸盐—硫酸盐型再向硫酸盐—氯化物型过渡。     

Tolerance mechanisms in North American deserts: Biological and societal approaches to climate change

The deserts of North America and elsewhere may serve as ‘ecological petri dishes’ that can be used to study the general effects of global climate change (GCC) as these regions are expected to become warmer and drier at faster rates than other terrestrial regions. We highlight the biological and societal responses to such shifts in environmental parameters predicted to vary with GCC, and we introduce the term tolerance mechanism (TM) to inclusively describe the means by which organisms of natural systems or human society cope with such environmental challenges. We review the historical relationships between biological TMs and water availability, temperature, and energy resources, as well as describe societal TMs. We create a simplified conceptual model to predict the effectiveness of TMs in the context of GCC and conclude that, although currently functional, some desert TMs (e.g., biological adaptations by long-lived taxa) may be outpaced by GCC. We finish with suggested future TM-related research.     

Changes in vegetation structure induced by domestic grazing in Patagonia (Southern Argentina)

We analyzed the structural differences associated with grazing exclusion on vegetation by studying 24 grazed-ungrazed paired sites in Patagonia (Argentina). Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of grazing on plant species composition, plant diversity, the relative abundance of plant functional types, and the vertical and horizontal structure of the plant community. This study across the shrub-grass steppes of Patagonia highlights some important characteristics of the vegetation response to a major disturbance factor we show that shrub encroachment is not a generalized response of the steppe to grazing. Grazed areas presented lower richness and diversity than exclosures. Physiognomic changes (as describe by relative abundance of plant functional types) were less important than those observed at the species level. These results shown that the status of the shrub-grass steppes of the Occidental district of Patagonia can not be characterized in terms of contrasting physiognomic states as in the case of the grass steppes of the Subandean district. Forbs and a few mesophytic and xerophytic grasses are the key elements to identify the condition of the steppe. Monitoring programs should focus on the relative abundance of these components.     

1953-2010年浙西南山区降水与旱涝变化特征

根据1953-2010年浙西南山区逐月降水资料,在对不同时间尺度降水进行气候分析的基础上,利用降水距平百分率研究年、季和月尺度上旱涝分布特征,并通过Morlet连续小波变化探讨旱涝演变趋势。结果表明：近58 a来,浙西南山区降水量和雨日均呈下降趋势,且雨日减少幅度较明显,约每10 a减少3.39 d。其中降水量以8月增多最显著,5月下降最明显;雨日则以5月和12月的减少最为突出。用Morlet小波分析得出旱涝存在不同尺度的周期分量,并且各周期强度有所不同,其中以4-8 a周期和16-20 a周期最为强烈,2010年后浙西南山区旱涝将向偏涝方向发展。年际尺度上,浙西南山区旱涝主要表现为轻旱和轻涝;季和月尺度上,以8-12月旱涝发生最为频繁,其中干旱概率多于洪涝,但洪涝强度大于干旱。     

Winnie(9711)台风变性加强过程中的降水变化研究

热带气旋变性过程是其结构、强度及其风雨分布发生显著变化的过程,常导致预报失败。基于T106格点分析资料、日本气象厅TBB资料以及MM5V3数值模式结果,对9711号台风Winnie变性加强过程中的降水变化特征及其机理进行研究。结果表明,Winnie台风变性加强过程中降水分布非对称性明显,强降水带首先出现在台风环流北部,之后向南弯曲,其强降水中心绕台风中心从北部顺时针转向东北和东南部。这种降水变化一方面与Winnie与西风带高空槽相互作用过程中环境风垂直切变明显增大,且其指向顺时针旋转有关。此间台风垂直结构发生明显倾斜,变性前期涡旋环流随高度增加先向北倾斜,发展到最强时又趋于垂直,之后又向东南倾斜。强降水区出现在垂直切变的下风方、台风气柱倾斜方向一侧。另一方面还与台风环流内冷、暖平流活动紧密相关,强降水落区与低层暖平流输送位置关系密切。对流涡度矢量垂直分量反映了Winnie台风环流内中尺度锋区与风垂直切变的相互作用,800 hPa上的大值区对其强降水落区有较好的指示意义。     

Estimating baselines for climate change for less developed countries: the case of the Sahel

Abstract

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol provide mechanisms for assisting less developed countries that are adversely affected by climate change. Such assistance would need a baseline, which ideally would set a precise date for specific impacts of climate change. This article presents the results of statistical tests that we carried out and, for the African region of the Sahel, finds that for precipitation (affecting food supply), impacts due to climate change can be ‘dated’ to the year 1967, when precipitation fell drastically, affecting the local food supply. Such a statistically robust benchmark would be useful to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) of the UNFCCC. The method illustrates how other baselines may be established for the important work of the SBSTA.     

多模式降水资料在贵州的检验分析

本文检验了2020年3月至2021年2月ECMWF和GRAPES以及中央台格点产品（以下简称SCMOC）和省台格点产品（以下简称SPCC）4家降水预报产品逐24h未来5天在贵州的预报质量,结论如下：（1）ECMWF和SCMOC与实况的相关系数最高,SCMOC和SPCC预报降水的变化幅度较观测偏大,而GRAPES预报降水的变化幅度较观测则是明显偏小。（2）SCMOC的晴雨准确率最高,除在72h预报时效SPCC的准确率略高于SCMOC外,其余预报时效SPCC准确率均低于SCMOC,表明SPCC的订正能力需要进一步提升。（3）在小雨量级,4种降水预报产品的TS评分相差不大,ECMWF和GRAPES的ETS评分明显低于SCMOC和SPCC,其中GRAPES的TS评分在5个预报时效内均高于ECMWF。在中雨量级,前3个预报时效内ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均高于其他三家,ECMWF在5个预报时效内预报有降水的次数大于实况出现的降水次数,但空报次数并不是最多的,在后2个预报时效内,SCMOC的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,但与其他家相差不大。在大雨量级,24h和96h预报时效ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,而在48h、72h、120h预报时效SCMOC的TS和ETS评分是最高的。在暴雨及以上量级,前3个时效内SPCC 的TS和ETS评分均是最高,且48h的TS评分空间分布也是最优的,表明SPCC对暴雨及以上量级在前3个预报时效内订正能力较好。