Verringerung der Schwermetall‐ und Sulfatbelastung in sauren bergbaubelasteten Gewässern durch Aluminiumpräzipitate

Attenuation of Heavy Metals and Sulfate by Aluminium Precipitates in Acid Mine Drainage During the mixing of acid mine waters with nearly neutral tributaries, often precipitates are formed which are high in iron or aluminium. These precipitates cover the river bed for many kilometres. Near the town of Lehesten (Thuringian slate mining area), leachates of slate quarries and waste rock dumps contain high amounts of aluminium, sulfate, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, and H⁺ ions as a result of the oxidation of incorporated pyrite. These leachates enter the brooks Loquitz, Kleine Sormitz, and Rehbach leading to the phenomenon named above. The contribution of the forming aluminium‐rich precipitates on the attenuation of sulfate and heavy metals by sorption or coprecipitation was studied by analysing the composition of water and sediment samples as well as samples of suspended matter. Sulfate is often considered as conservative tracer in acid mine drainage. However, sulfate does not behave conservatively in this system what might be explained by the adsorption of sulfate to the aluminium precipitates. Instead, conservative behaviour was found for calcium, potassium, chloride, zinc, manganese, and nickel. A formation of jurbanite can be excluded because of the low sulfate contents. The sulfate content of the sediment depends on the pH. At low pH values (4.8) the S/Al ratio corresponds to the theoretical ratio in basaluminite and decreases with rising pH. Sulfate is weakly bound to the solid phase and can easily be replaced by OH^– ions. A formation of basaluminite is possible at low pH values with a fluent transition to aluminium hydroxide. Therefore the precipitates are assumed to consist predominantly of aluminium hydroxide with sulfate being adsorbed to the surface.     

Microwave Simulations of Precipitation Distribution with Two Radiative Transfer Models

Two microwave radiative transfer models of precipitating cloud are used to simulate the microwave upwelling radiances emerging from precipitating clouds. Comparison of the simulation results shows that significant difference of microwave upwelling radiances exists between these two radiative transfer models. Analysis of these differences in different cloud and precipitation conditions shows that it is complicated but has certain trend for different microwave frequencies. The results may be useful to quantitative rainfall rate retrieval of real precipitating clouds.     

我国夏半年降水距平与北太平洋海温异常的奇异值分解法分析

利用奇异值分解法分析了我国夏半年各月降水距平与北太平洋海温异常的相互关系，指出：（１）平均意义上，秋冬季海温与我国春末至盛夏各月降水存在显著相互关系；（２）秋冬季赤道东太平洋海温对次年４－５月江南东部和７月高原东侧，黄河中下游地区的降水有显著的影响；（３）盛夏至冬季的赤道中东太平洋海温与前一年６月黄淮地区及７月长江流域降水关系密切。     

A mass balance approach to estimate the dilution and removal of the pollutants in stream water polluted by acid mine drainage

 A few simple mass balance equations were developed to simultaneously estimate how much the pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) in stream water are diluted and removed during their migration. The application of the equations requires knowledge of the variations in the concentrations of the dissolved pollutants and the stoichiometry of the precipitation reaction of the pollutants when none of the pollutant shows a conservative behavior along the stream path. The calculation should be restricted to the pollutants showing much higher concentrations in the polluted main stream water than in the combining or diluting water of the same target area. The mass balance equations were applied to estimate the dilution factor and precipitation fractions of pollutants in Imgok Creek such as Fe, SO₄ and Al from the AMD of Yeongdong mine. The results show that the estimation, especially for SO₄ and Al, significantly depends on the kinds of the precipitates. When FeOHSO₄ and AlOHSO₄ are assumed to precipitate, the maximum removal fractions of SO₄ and Al by precipitation are respectively 34% and 46% of the original input, which is much higher than the values estimated when SO₄ is considered to be perfectly conservative. It indicates that the stoichiometry of precipitation reaction is very important in the interpretation of the pollutant dilution and migration and assessment of environmental impacts of AMD. The applicability of the mass balance equations may still need to be verified. However, examining the calculated dilution factor and precipitation fractions with the equations can provide invaluable information on not only the behavior but also unexpected input of the pollutants in the stream water polluted by AMD and other point sources. Received: 12 November 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998     

基于青藏高原春季感热异常信号的中国东部夏季降水统计预测模型

使用1980-2014年由青藏高原中东部的地面气象观测台站观测资料计算得到的地表感热通量以及中国东部高分辨率的降水格点资料,在年代际变化和年际变率两个时间尺度上,使用最大协方差分析方法研究了青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季6、7和8月降水的关系,基于最大协方差关联因子的时间尺度分解回归分析方法建立了一个降水统计预测模型。青藏高原春季感热的各个关联预报因子与中国东部夏季各月降水的相关分析表明,在年代际成分中,6、7和8月在中国东部绝大部分地区均存在显著相关,方差贡献分别为75.6%、99.9%和79.7%;在年际成分中,相关区域在6月是华南地区、华北沿海地区和江淮流域,7月是华南地区西南部、长江流域、东北地区东南部和黄河中下游地区,8月是东北地区和华南地区西部,方差贡献分别为42.7%、43.4%和32.0%。预测模型的解释方差分析和后报试验检验表明,7月对整个中国东部地区预测效果最好,6月主要在长江以南地区,而8月主要在东北地区和华南地区西部预测效果较好。该预测模型能很好描述青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季各月降水的关联性,并对局地降水实现较好的定量预测,具有在短期气候预测业务应用的价值。      

中国夏季降水异常分布的非线性特征

运用基于前馈型人工神经网络的非线性主成分分析方法(NLPCA),对中国近50 a夏季降水异常分布的非线性特征进行了分析。结果表明,中国夏季降水的异常分布具有一定的非线性特征,当夏季降水距平的一维NLPCA近似在非线性主成分取极端相反位相时,对应的空间分布型表现出明显的不对称性;一维NLPCA对夏季原始降水距平场的近似,比传统一维PCA的近似更为逼真。     

A tree-ring based precipitation reconstruction for the Mohe region in the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains,China, since AD 1724

August–July precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1724 for the Mohe region in the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, using Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains 39% of the variance in the precipitation observed from AD 1960–2008. Some droughts noted in historical documents are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of AD 1734–1785, AD 1805–1830, AD 1863–1880, AD 1922–1961, and AD 1983–1998; while the periods of AD 1786–1804, AD 1831–1862, AD 1881–1921, and AD 1962–1982 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demonstrated the existence of significant 24-yr, 12-yr, and 2-yr cycles of variability. The results of the spatial correlations suggest that our reconstruction contains climatic signals for the southern Stanovoy Range and the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains. The positive correlations between the new reconstructed precipitation series and two precipitation reconstructions indicate that our precipitation reconstruction captures broad-scale regional climatic variations. A comparison between the weakening tendency of summer monsoon and the dry period of our reconstruction reveals that the annual precipitation in the Mohe region is partly influenced by the East Asian Summer Monsoon.     

Mean Profiles of Moisture Fluxes in Snow-Filled Boundary Layers

Profiles of moisture fluxes have been examined for convective boundary layers containing clouds and snow, using data derived from aircraft measurements taken on four dates during the 1983/1984 University of Chicago lake-effect snow project. Flux profiles were derived from vertical stacks of aircraft cross-wind flight legs taken at various heights over Lake Michigan near the downwind shore. It was found that, if ice processes are taken into account, profiles of potential temperature and water content were very similar to those presented in past studies of convective boundary layers strongly heated from below. Profiles of total water content and equivalent potential temperature adjusted for ice were nearly invariant with height, except very near the top of the boundary layer, suggesting that internal boundary-layer mixing processes were rapid relative to the rates at which heat and vapour were transported into the boundary layer through entrainment and surface fluxes. Ice was found to play a significant, measurable role in boundary-layer moisture fluxes. It was estimated that 40 to 57% of the upward vapour flux was returned to the surface in the form of snow, converting about 45 to 64% of the surface latent heat flux into sensible heat in the snow-producing process. Assuming advective fluxes are relatively small (thought to be appropriate after the first few tens of km over the lake as suggested by past studies), the boundary layer was found to warm at a rate faster than could be explained by surface heat fluxes and latent heat releases alone, the remainder of the heating presumably coming from radiational processes and entrainment. Discussions of moisture phase change processes throughout the boundary layer and estimates of errors of these flux measurements are presented.     

汉江流域降水多时间尺度特性及其与环流因子的相关性分析

首先利用Morlet小波对汉江流域降水进行多时间尺度分析,然后分析主要周期下汉江流域降水与74个环流因子的相关性.结果表明:近50年,汉江流域降水有4,7和18年的主要周期,其中以18年的主要周期最为突出,降水呈现偏少的趋势,同时降水量与西太平洋副高面积指数、冷空气、东太平洋副高北界、北半球极涡中心位置等14个环流因子具有非常强的正相关,而与东亚槽位置、太平洋区极涡强度指数、亚洲区极涡强度指数有非常强的负相关.研究成果将为今后提高汉江流域降水预报水平和有效开展汉江流域及长江中下游防汛抗旱工作提供科学依据.     

近50年新疆气温和降水量变化及其与NAO指数的交叉小波谱分析

利用1961—2008年的逐日降水和气温资料,采用线性趋势、小波功率谱和交叉小波谱等方法分析了新疆降水和气温的变化,以及与北大西洋涛动(NAO)变化之间的关系。结果表明,近50年新疆存在降水增多和气温上升的趋势,有暖湿化现象,这与西北地区由暖干趋于暖湿的结论相一致。同时,新疆平均年降水量与NAO存在准2年和准6年周期,夏季降水量与NAO存在准3年和准5年周期,冬季降水量与NAO存在准3年周期。新疆年均气温与NAO存在准3年周期,夏季气温与NAO存在准3年周期,冬季气温与NAO存在准3年和准8年周期。新疆全年、冬季和夏季的降水与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关大多集中在20世纪80年代;而气温与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关也大多集中在80年代。