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101.
Although the relations between climate and settlement are not straightforward, there is a general agreement that arid conditions are less favorable for human settlement in the semiarid Near East than humid conditions. Here we show that humid conditions resulted in the abandonment of settlements along the Israeli coastal plain. We first present archaeological evidence for a drastic decline in settlement along the Israeli coast during most of the third millennium BC (Early Bronze Age II-III). Then, based on archaeological and climatic evidence, we link this decline to an environmental change occurring at that time. We propose that increased precipitation intensified the already existing drainage problems and resulted in flooding, which led to the transformation of arable land into marshes and to the spread of diseases, gradually causing settlement decline and abandonment. 相似文献
102.
21世纪初极端天气气候事件研究进展 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
由于极端天气气候事件的严重影响,越来越多的研究开始关注其变化情况。从观测分析到模拟研究,几乎都发现极端气温、降水事件发生了显著变化,而且在全球变暖的大背景下,未来有些极端事件可能会发生频数更高或强度更强。当然,研究结论也存在一定程度的不确定性,从模式模拟来看,目前模拟结果仍存在不确定性,不同模式的结果间常常存在较大的差异;而从观测分析来看,研究主要局限于20世纪后半叶,如果对更长时间作分析,结论或许会有所不同。文章从最基本的极端天气气候事件的定义出发,结合观测事实和模拟研究两个主要方面来介绍近几年来极端事件研究取得的主要进展,最后简单地总结了这些进展,并提出了进一步研究的思路。
相似文献
103.
104.
105.
湖北省降水量的周期分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
结合降水量对农业生产的影响特点将全年降水量分成5个阶段,根据聚类分析的结果将不同的时段的降水量进行分区,由此对全省的降水量做自相关分析和功率谱分析,从而发现了降水量的变化周期。 相似文献
106.
柴达木盆地东缘晚更新世气候变化的(古)土壤发生记录 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
柴达木盆地东缘典型剖面(古)土壤及其黄土线质的宏观特征和理化分析表明,本区晚更新世以来气候曾有几次较大的波动,反映了全球冰量影响的气候波动以及东亚季风气候的强弱变化特征。揭示出气候变化过程中温度和降水并不同步,温度主要受地球轨道变化引起的太阳辐射的影响;降水则主要取决于冬、夏季风的浊弱对比关系,夏季风盛行时,降水丰沛。间冰段古土壤Sm的土壤发生特征和强度,揭示了除低温引起的蒸发减少外,降水丰沛也是 相似文献
107.
Mean Profiles of Moisture Fluxes in Snow-Filled Boundary Layers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Profiles of moisture fluxes have been examined for convective boundary layers containing clouds and snow, using data derived from aircraft measurements taken on four dates during the 1983/1984 University of Chicago lake-effect snow project. Flux profiles were derived from vertical stacks of aircraft cross-wind flight legs taken at various heights over Lake Michigan near the downwind shore. It was found that, if ice processes are taken into account, profiles of potential temperature and water content were very similar to those presented in past studies of convective boundary layers strongly heated from below. Profiles of total water content and equivalent potential temperature adjusted for ice were nearly invariant with height, except very near the top of the boundary layer, suggesting that internal boundary-layer mixing processes were rapid relative to the rates at which heat and vapour were transported into the boundary layer through entrainment and surface fluxes. Ice was found to play a significant, measurable role in boundary-layer moisture fluxes. It was estimated that 40 to 57% of the upward vapour flux was returned to the surface in the form of snow, converting about 45 to 64% of the surface latent heat flux into sensible heat in the snow-producing process. Assuming advective fluxes are relatively small (thought to be appropriate after the first few tens of km over the lake as suggested by past studies), the boundary layer was found to warm at a rate faster than could be explained by surface heat fluxes and latent heat releases alone, the remainder of the heating presumably coming from radiational processes and entrainment. Discussions of moisture phase change processes throughout the boundary layer and estimates of errors of these flux measurements are presented. 相似文献
108.
对长江坝区汛期降水的气候背景进行了分析后指出:坝区汛期降水异常与EAA相关链,特别是东亚这一段遥相关型有明显联系,进而探讨了它与前期北太平洋海水温度的关系。 相似文献
109.
110.
J.-Y. Yu 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(3-4):271-276
A few simple mass balance equations were developed to simultaneously estimate how much the pollutants from acid mine drainage
(AMD) in stream water are diluted and removed during their migration. The application of the equations requires knowledge
of the variations in the concentrations of the dissolved pollutants and the stoichiometry of the precipitation reaction of
the pollutants when none of the pollutant shows a conservative behavior along the stream path. The calculation should be restricted
to the pollutants showing much higher concentrations in the polluted main stream water than in the combining or diluting water
of the same target area.
The mass balance equations were applied to estimate the dilution factor and precipitation fractions of pollutants in Imgok
Creek such as Fe, SO4 and Al from the AMD of Yeongdong mine. The results show that the estimation, especially for SO4 and Al, significantly depends on the kinds of the precipitates. When FeOHSO4 and AlOHSO4 are assumed to precipitate, the maximum removal fractions of SO4 and Al by precipitation are respectively 34% and 46% of the original input, which is much higher than the values estimated
when SO4 is considered to be perfectly conservative. It indicates that the stoichiometry of precipitation reaction is very important
in the interpretation of the pollutant dilution and migration and assessment of environmental impacts of AMD. The applicability
of the mass balance equations may still need to be verified. However, examining the calculated dilution factor and precipitation
fractions with the equations can provide invaluable information on not only the behavior but also unexpected input of the
pollutants in the stream water polluted by AMD and other point sources.
Received: 12 November 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998 相似文献