中国月平均降水场的时空相关特征

本文通过对我国1951～1984年月平均降水资料的分析,给出了我国东部降水的空间分布具有三种类型,一种类型是长江流域多雨,华南和华北及东北少雨;另一种类型与此型相反;第三种类型为正常型,降水距平百分率全场都很小。并指出了长江中下游地区降水时间特征具有明显的半年韵律现象,冬季1月和12月的降水可以作为6～8月降水的信息期。同时还表明在1951～1984年中9个ElNino年的下一年6～8月汛期降水具有不完全相同的类型。     

夏季青藏高原低压的年际和年代际变化及其与我国降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了1948-2009年夏季青藏高原(下称高原)600hPa位势高度场的变化趋势,发现整个高原位势高度场都出现大范围的升高,低压中心主要位于27.5°-40°N、80°-102.5°E范围内,定义该范围内位势高度场的平均值为高原夏季低压指数。采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)和小波分析等方法对近62年夏季高原低压的年际和年代际变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,近62年夏季高原低压总体呈减弱趋势,在20世纪80年代之前,夏季高原低压指数均处于低值范围,并在1962年出现最小值,在1979年左右出现最大值,之后在高值范围内上下振荡;空间分布表现为低压在高原大部分区域均为由南向北递增,呈明显的纬向分布;低压在1976年发生了一次较明显的减弱突变。小波分析表明,低压具有1～2年和13年周期。利用中国596个测站的月降水资料,采用相关分析和合成分析等方法分析了高原低压与我国夏季降水的关系,分析表明,高原低压增强时长江流域和新疆地区的降水偏多,而东北、华北和华南地区的降水则偏少。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FY-4 LIGHTNING DATA ASSIMILATION ON PRECIPITATION PREDICTIONS

Data from the lightning mapping imager on board the Fengyun-4 meteorological satellite (FY-4) were used to study the assimilation of lightning data and its influence on precipitation predictions. We first conducted a quality control check on the events observed by the first Fengyun-4 satellite (FY-4A) lightning mapping imager, after which the noise points were removed from the lightning distribution. The subsequent distribution was more consistent with the spatial distribution and range of ground-based observations and precipitation. We selected the radar reflectivity, which was closely related to the lightning frequency, as the parameter to assimilate the lightning data and utilized a large sample of lightning frequency and radar reflectivity data from the eastern United States provided by Vaisala. Based on statistical analysis, we found the empirical relationship between the lightning frequency and radar reflectivity and established a look-up table between them. We converted the lightning event data into radar reflectivity data and found that the converted reflectivity and composite reflectivity of ground-based radar observations showed high consistency. We further assimilated the lightning data into the model, adjusted the model cloud analysis process and adjusted the model hydrometeor field by using the lightning data. A rainstorm weather process that occurred on August 8, 2017, in south China was used for the numerical forecast experiment, and three experiments were designed for comparison and analysis: a control experiment, an experiment without the assimilation of FY-4 lightning data (NoLig), and an experiment with the assimilation of FY-4 lightning data (Lig). The results show that after assimilating the FY-4A lightning data, the accuracies of the intensity, central location and range of the precipitation predicted by the Lig experiment were obviously superior to those predicted by the control and NoLig experiments, and the effect was especially obvious in the short-term (1–2 hour) forecast. The studies in this paper highlight the application value and potential of FY-4 lightning data in precipitation predictions.     

机载19管多星体拖曳式焰弹催化系统

北方大范围层状云和混合云飞机人工增雨(雪)是解除干旱、森林灭火、改善生态环境的重要途径之一。研制的L-1型机载19管多星体拖曳式焰弹催化系统可满足上述需求。该系统由多星体焰弹弹体、AgI焰剂、发射装置和电控装置构成。试验和初步应用证明,该系统工艺稳定、操作简便、发射成功率100%,催化剂成核率在-8℃时高达1015个/g,入云5 min内90%的核即可活化,携弹量760枚,可连续作业4 h以上,后向发射,作业方式灵活。与目前使用的龙B-2型焰弹催化系统相比,该系统是一种新型优越的催化系统。     

东亚冷涌期间低纬环流和降水形成的数值试验

应用数值试验的方法，研究了东亚冷涌期间低纬环流和降水的形成。结果表明：低纬积云对流作用加强了东北季风和东北信风，但阻滞了热带辐合带进一步南移。印尼和澳大利亚北部季风降水可以独立存在。南海冷涌以及越赤道的西太平洋东北信风都可以是澳大利亚北部夏季风及降水形成的重要因子。数值研究还指出；印尼加里曼丹的强季风降水及常驻性低层扰动形成的基本因子是南海冷涌所触发的积云对流发展。印尼、加里曼丹地形及东北信风扰动可影响该处降水的强度。     

华南地区近40年降水的气候特征

利用１９５１－１９９４年华南地区１５个站的月降水量资料，探讨了这一地区近４０年来降水的气候特征。结果表明：（１）华南地区年降水量的变化存在一定的阶段性和周期性，５０年代和７０年代及９０年代前期降水相对偏多，６０年代和８０年代降水相对偏少。近４０年来降水量的变化趋势呈抛物线型，总的来持，前２０年少，后２０年略有增多。（２）降水变化具有明显的周期性振动，年和汛期降水的主周期为７－１１年，前汛斯和后汛期     

有利于火箭人工增雨作业的天气条件分析

对有利于火箭人工增雨的天气条件进行了分析,给出了石家庄容易出现对流天气的天气形势特征及关键指标,通过编程实现关键指标的客观判断,达到提醒预报员灾害天气发生的可能。常规资料和每小时一次的自动站资料可以较高时效来判断对流天气的威胁区,尤其通过自动站资料计算得到的假相当位温高值区配合风场辐合带可以更高精度预测强降水落区;每小时一次的卫星云图和亮温资料可以跟踪云系、云团的演变,判断云系的发生、发展、维持情况,文中给出了判断云系发展、维持、移向和移速的云系特征,为提前寻找适合于增雨作业的时间和部位打下基础,为山区火箭增雨作业争取了时间。     

广州逐时降水分析

本文对广州市24小时降水的分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：广州全年出现降水的概率为39％,汛期出现降水的概率远大于非汛期,其中6月份出现降水的概率最大,而10～12月份的橇宰则最小;前、后汛期与全年平均强降水频数的24小时分布相一致,其中极大值在上半夜,极小值在早晨．而非汛期则是白天大于夜间。     

陕西省中北部人工增雨适宜时段及层状云特征

统计分析了陕西中北部1991～2001年4个711雷达站附近15个气候观测站日降雨量大于等于5mm降水过程的时空分布及雷达回波特征。陕西中部适宜人工增雨的时段为2月10日至11月15日,北部为2月25日至11月10日。陕西降雨性层状云0℃层高度变化范围为3．63～5．03km,平均高度为4．65km,融化层强回波区厚度为0．4～1．0km。冷云、暖云降雪(雨)量级较小,不适宜大范围开展人工增雪(雨)作业。适宜人工增雨的稳定性层状云雷达回波特征为：PPI回波结构密实,范围大于30km,雷达回波强度大于等于30dBz,RHI显示云顶高度大于等于5．8km或者融化层明显,强度达30dBz以上。适宜人工增雨的混合性层状云雷达回波特征为：PPI有明显强回波中心,强度大于等于30dBz,15dB回波宽度大于等于25km,回波最大高度大于等于5km;或者融化层明显,雷达观测融化层下挂回波明显倾斜或呈锯齿型排列。     

A Methodological Study on Using Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Model Outputs to Drive a One-Dimensional Cloud Model简

A new method for driving a One-Dimensional Stratiform Cold （1DSC） cloud model with Weather Research and Fore casting （WRF） model outputs was developed by conducting numerical experiments for a typical large-scale stratiform rainfall event that took place on 4-5 July 2004 in Changchun, China. Sensitivity test results suggested that, with hydrometeor pro files extracted from the WRF outputs as the initial input, and with continuous updating of soundings and vertical velocities （including downdraft） derived from the WRF model, the new WRF-driven 1DSC modeling system （WRF-1DSC） was able to successfully reproduce both the generation and dissipation processes of the precipitation event. The simulated rainfall intensity showed a time-lag behind that observed, which could have been caused by simulation errors of soundings, vertical velocities and hydrometeor profiles in the WRF output. Taking into consideration the simulated and observed movement path of the precipitation system, a nearby grid point was found to possess more accurate environmental fields in terms of their similarity to those observed in Changchun Station. Using profiles from this nearby grid point, WRF-1DSC was able to repro duce a realistic precipitation pattern. This study demonstrates that 1D cloud-seeding models do indeed have the potential to predict realistic precipitation patterns when properly driven by accurate atmospheric profiles derived from a regional short range forecasting system, This opens a novel and important approach to developing an ensemble-based rain enhancement prediction and operation system under a probabilistic framework concept.