东海黑潮热输送及其与黄淮平原区汛期降水的关系

根据日本气象厅1956—1990年PN（G）断面观测资料分析东海黑潮热输送的变异特征，并探讨其冬季热输送与黄淮平原区汛期（6－8月）降水的关系。结果表明，黑潮通过PN（G）断面多年平均的热输送达15．74×1014W，其中冬季热输送的年际和长期变化特别明显；冬季热输送年际变化的周期主要为对．23.4a、3.5a、和2.6a，长期变化总趋势是70年代末以前各年热输送距平均为负值，对年代末接近多年平均值，进入80年代各年距平值不仅为正且逐年增大；东海黑潮冬季热输送与黄淮平原区汛期降水具有相近的长期变化趋势，两者间存在较好的负相关关系。     

长江和长江口高含量无机氮的主要控制因素

根据1998－1998年长江和长江口河水和雨水的现场调查、历史资料以及相关文献，定量分析长江流域无机氮的主要来源和输送调查。估算表明，降水无机氮、农业非点源氮（化肥和土壤流失的氮）和点源污水氮的输入分别占长江口无机氮输出通量的62．3％、18．5％和14．4％。氮的降水输入是长江口高含量无机氮的主要来源，进入长江的降水氮仅仅大约占长江流域全部降水氮的36．8％。降水米要受控于化肥气态损失、化石燃料及动植物过程中释放的物质等。实际上，化肥N的气态损失和农业非点源流失大约占长江流域年化肥N使用量的60％，这是控制长江口高含量无机氮的关键因素。     

双线偏振雷达判别降水粒子类型技术及其检验

在综合分析国内外降水粒子相态识别方法的基础上,结合我国双线偏振雷达的应用需求,建立了一套利用双线偏振雷达探测资料识别降水粒子类型的识别模式,并根据美国KOUN雷达观测资料对该模式进行了分析验证,同时检验了模式中的几个偏振参数:差分反射率因子ZDR、差传播相移KDP、水平偏振和垂直偏振回波功率零滞后互相关系数ρHV(0)对不同降水粒子的识别效果。通过分析认为:利用该识别模式得到的结果基本合理,可以反映降水区域内降水粒子的相态结构,但还需要对资料作进一步的研究。同时在识别各类降水粒子方面,ZDR的效果要高于KDP和ρHV(0),在缺乏相关资料的情况下可以考虑用ZH和ZDR配对识别的结果作为真实的结果。     

Estimation of flow enhancement in the Kinneret watershed due to cloud seeding

A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area.The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×10⁶ m ³/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.     

坝上高原近90年以来降水变化趋势

根据史料和降水量资料，建立了自１９００年以来坝上高原旱涝级别（５级）序列，并对其进行了周期分析和趋势分析。结果表明，坝上高原降水变化具有明显的４２年和９年周期，自６０年代初以来该区进入干旱少雨阶段，并将持续到本世纪末下世纪初。此外，还有一些短周期，如４－５年和２－３年等，因而，在今后１０年内，干旱和少雨仍将持续，土地沙漠化也将继续发展。     

闽东南地区降雨侵蚀力的初步研究

本文利用实测降雨与径流小区资料对闽东南地区不同降雨类型的雨强等特点及其对土壤侵蚀的影响进行了分析；提出了６０分钟瞬时最大雨强为侵蚀性降雨指标，其指标在该地区为Ｉ６０≥９ｍｍ；建立了研究区年侵蚀力Ｒ值的简便算式，并根据谝绘制了研究区Ｒ值分布图。     

1991 年6月江淮持续暴雨的云系特征分析

通过对GMS静止卫星的红外数据处理，获得了1991年夏季江淮梅雨期暴雨大范围的平均云分布。对1991年6月6次江淮暴雨过程逐时和3小时的GMS红外云图动画和照片的分析，得到了该地区梅雨期暴雨的三种中低纬云系相互作用的云型演变模型图，并利用由卫星气象中心处理的NOAA卫星的TOVS水汽反演资料，结合低层的θse和急流分析，给出了1991年6月江淮暴雨的水汽输送的一些特征。     

水分不足地区降水资源供需平衡模式

在自然界与人类系统水分平衡概念的基础上，提出了作降水评价的供需平衡模式。该模式对全面发挥由降水所形成的各种主要水资源成分的潜力是有用的。用此模式作了个例试验，并提出在水分不足地区缓解水分欠缺的途径。     

差巴嘎蒿繁殖若干问题的探讨

差巴嘎蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍａｓｉａｈａｌｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ）营养繁殖的最佳材料是当年生带根基部营养枝；降水量是影响营养繁殖成活率的主导因子，栽植后５日内降水之和（ｘ）与成活率（ｙ）的相关系数为０．９７０１，回归方程为：ｙ＝３４．０２３６＋４１．０４６７１ｇｘ。营养繁殖应在有一定降水的条件下及时进行，最佳时间在６月中旬。不宜利用种子繁殖建立人工植被。     

Research Status and Progress of Balloon-borne Cloud and Precipitation Particles Probe

The accurate observation of the microphysical structure of cloud and precipitation plays an important role in understanding the formation of clouds and precipitation. In-situ measurement using measuring instruments carried by meteorological balloons is an effective way to obtain the microphysical properties of cloud and precipitation particles, which is a supplementary means for aircraft to observe cloud and precipitation particles. This observation method plays a more and more important role in in-situ measurement. According to the difference of the working principle of the existing balloon-borne cloud and precipitation particles probes, the detectors can be divided into particle impact-sampling sensors, particle imaging sensors, light-scattering sensors, light intensity attenuation sensors and charge measurement sensors. The working principles, key technologies and main advantages and disadvantages of typical instruments were summarized, and their applications to detailed cloud structure acquisition, cloud remote sensing method establishment, cloud and precipitation physical process research and parameterization, and scientific observation of thunderstorm clouds were briefly introduced. Finally, the development trend of balloon-borne cloud precipitation particle detectors was prospected, which will provide reference for related technical research and equipment development.