Photochemistry of Cu complexed with chromophoric dissolved organic matter: implications for Cu speciation in rainwater

Significant quenching of fluorescence by Cu in rainwater samples from southeastern North Carolina demonstrates that chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an effective ligand for Cu in rainwater. A strong inverse correlation between the decrease in fluorescence upon Cu addition and CDOM abundance suggests the presence of excess binding sites for Cu in high CDOM samples. Electroanalytical studies indicate that CDOM extracted from C₁₈ cartridges formed Cu complexes with concentrations and conditional stability constants similar to ligands found in ambient rainwater. When authentic rainwater samples were photolyzed with simulated sunlight both photoproduction and photodestruction of ligands were observed, suggesting the photochemical response of Cu-complexing ligands in rainwater is the result of two competing reactions. The rate of CDOM photobleaching was directly related to changes in strong ligands (K_CuL ∼ 10¹⁵) whereas weaker ligands (K_CuL < 10¹³) were not correlated, suggesting the photolabile CDOM resides in the strong ligand class. A photolysis study comparing filtered and unfiltered rainwater samples indicated that Cu-complexing ligands adsorbed onto or otherwise associated with particles are photodegraded much more rapidly than dissolved ligands. Photolysis with UV radiation appears to be most effective at engendering changes in Cu ligands, however a significant photochemical response was also observed when samples were exposed to photosynthetically active radiation with wavelengths greater than 400 nm. Results from this study demonstrate that complexation of Cu by CDOM has important ramifications for controlling both the speciation of the metal and the reactivity of CDOM in rainwater.     

SURFACE OZONE CHARACTERISTICS AT THREE STATIONS IN GAW OF WMO IN CHINA*

The characteristics of surface O₃ on clear days at Waliguan Observatory,Lin'an regional station and Longfengshan regional station in China were analyzed in this paper.The three stations belong to Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)of WMO.There was obvious daily variation on clear days at Lin'an.with maximum(42.9 ppb)and minimum(20.3 ppb)of daily range appearing in spring and summer,respectively.The daily variation was more regular at Lonfengshan than at Lin'an.The maximum(about 27 ppb)appeared in autumn at Longfengshan.There was no obvious daily variation and also daily range was smaller in other seasons except weaker daily variation in summer at Waliguan.But the surface O₃ concentration(SOC)in summer was higher than that in winter at Waliguan.The SOC on clear days of summer at Waliguan was over 20 ppb higher than at Longfengshan and Lin'an.The global radiation and NO_x concentration were the main factors which control the SOC on clear days at Longfengshan and Lin'an.and played important role in different seasons and areas.The transportation of air flow around the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau was the main cause for high SOC and weak daily variation in summer at Waliguan.The similar effect of transportation was obtained at the Mauna Loa Observatory.The distribution characteristics of SOC increasing with height in the troposphere determined the difference of SOC between East China and West China.     

热带低层大气30～60天低频动能的年际变化与ENSO循环

利用NCEP再分析资料,通过统计相关及合成分析研究了热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的年际变化与ENSO循环之间的关系.结果表明,热带大气季节内振荡(也称30～60天低频振荡)的年际变化在热带中西太平洋地区最强.在ElNino成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋的30～60天振荡异常活跃,其动能明显增加且逐渐东移;在E1Nino成熟以后,热带西太平洋大气30～60天低频振荡迅速减弱.与这种加强的30～60天振荡相伴随,在赤道北侧为异常的气旋式环流,赤道地区出现偏西风异常.相反,在LaNina成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡偏弱.进一步的分析还发现,东亚冬季风的年际变化是引起热带大气30～60天振荡的年际变化的主要机制:强东亚冬季风导致热带西太平洋积云对流加强,从而引起热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡加强;相反,对应于弱的东亚冬季风,热带西太平洋地区积云对流偏弱,大气30～60天振荡偏弱.作者的资料分析还证实,热带大气30～60天低频振荡的年际变化,作为一种外强迫,对ElNino的形成起着十分重要的作用.     

An estimation of the probable maximum precipitation for river basins in the Czech Republic

The hydro-meteorological evaluation of a flood event in July 1997 (the Odra flood in Central Europe) demonstrated that new procedures to estimate design floods for the reservoir outflow structures in the Czech Republic (CR) were needed. Therefore, the techniques of the estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) were developed in a national research project (1998–2000), and the activity focused on the improvement of the area related PMP estimates was going on within a present national project. In the frame of the evaluation of the next extreme precipitation event in August 2002 (the Labe flood in the CR and Germany), we compared the catchments related precipitation with the PMP estimates. In this paper, an outline of the PMP estimation techniques is given and the use of data from the Czech gauges is described, the aim being the statistical derivation of the point and area PMP estimates for precipitation duration of 1 to 5 days. The use of radar data in assessing the maximized area reduction factor is discussed and the relationship resulting from the radar measurements over the CR territory is presented. An evaluation of the radar-based area rainfall enabled us to transform the point PMP to the area PMP estimate designed for the river basins in CR. In the last part of the paper, the results obtained by comparing the rainfalls in 1997 and 2002 flood events with the PMP estimates are presented. The comparison showed that the maximum area rainfalls over small Czech catchments (the 3rd order river basins) did not exceed 63% of the corresponding PMP values.     

A comparison of the flood precipitation episode in August 2002 with historic extreme precipitation events on the Czech territory

The hydro-meteorological characteristics of the flood from August 2002, which affected a great part of the Czech territory, particularly the Vltava and Labe river basin, were compared with corresponding conditions during similar flood events in the summer seasons of 1997, 1890, 1897 and 1903. The comparison shows analogies in synoptic conditions and causal precipitation heights. The heaviest precipitation fell in the area of a considerable horizontal pressure gradient on the rearward side of the cyclone which advanced very slowly to the north-east across Central Europe and created conditions for the transport of moist air as well as for an organized long-term updraft enhanced in orographically exposed regions. The varying features of the individual events were based on the spatial–temporal distribution of causal precipitation and also on the very different saturation of the catchments. It was chiefly the extraordinary time concentration of precipitation together with the highest catchment saturation that made the flood in 2002 the most extreme.The extremeness of meteorological fields during two episodes in July 1997 was compared with two episodes in August 2002 with the aid of the reanalysis data from ECMWF. The first episode in 1997 and the second episode in 2002 were the most similar and more extreme in terms of the large-scale fields of basic meteorological quantities. The similar features of these episodes are specifically an intensive influx of moisture into Central Europe and intensive upward motions in the precipitation area. The extremeness of upper- and low-level potential vorticity fields was evaluated to diagnose the behavior of the cyclone and frontal precipitation bands accompanying it. The suitable spatial configuration of positive upper- and low-level potential vorticity anomalies induced an additional amplification of upward motions in the precipitation area that apparently contributed to triggering the heavy precipitation over Central Europe. On the whole, quantities reached more extreme values during the second episode in 2002.     

中国冬夏季模式降水方案的应用分析研究

通过对中国冬夏季各一次降水过程的模拟分析 ,研究了不同云降水方案在中国区域的应用特征。结果指出 ,夏季 ,Kain Fritsch(KF)和Betts Miller(BM)积云方案模拟产生的积云降水是有差异的 ,KF方案对本次连续降水过程的预报要优于BM方案 ;KF方案和BM方案可以使周围环境大气状况发生不同的变化 ,KF方案可以使周围环境大气变得更湿、上升气流更加深厚 ,更有利于网格尺度降水的产生 ,即不同积云对流方案对网格尺度降水具有重要的影响 ;冬季 ,中国北方大陆基本没有对流降水产生 ,不同积云对流方案对网格尺度降水预报的影响基本可以不予考虑 ,中国北方的冬季降水主要是由网格尺度降水构成的。     

淮河流域冬春季土壤温湿度异常对夏季降水的影响及其应用的研究

夏季降水异常与前期环流、下垫面异常有密切的关系 ,文中重点研究了淮河流域前期下垫土壤温、湿度异常对夏季降水的影响。提出了一种动力与统计相结合寻找影响降水的因子的方法 ,通过将大气中的热量、水汽收支方程与一个简化的两层土壤温度、湿度方程相结合 ,并依据月尺度大气环流的演变特征 ,推导出月降水距平与 5 0 0hPa月平均高度距平场、土壤深浅两层温、湿度的关系 ;并利用台站观测资料 ,使用统计反演方法确定方程中各项的系数和量级 ,从而找出影响降水的主要土壤温、湿度因子 ;利用统计方法建立这些因子与淮河流域夏季降水异常之间的简单线性预报方程 ,并对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年淮河流域夏季降水趋势进行回报 ,结果表明 :对淮河流域夏季降水趋势的预测有很好的效果 ,且更加明确了土壤温、湿度因子与降水异常之间的动力学联系。     

陆面过程对气候影响的数值模拟:SSiB与IAP/LASG L9R15 AGCM耦合及其模式性能

利用陆面过程模式 SSi B与 IAP/LASG发展的 L9R1 5AGCM的耦合 1 0 a积分试验 ,研究了全球尺度大气与地表的水分和能量交换以及陆地与大气环流和气候的相互作用。模拟表明 :SSi B模式可模拟出陆地上较为真实的表面通量及其日变化 ,较好地定量描述土壤 -植被 -大气连续体系 ( SPAC)中能量和水分的传输过程。因此 ,将其引入气候模式中能够模拟出比 CTL- AGCM更合理的气候平均状态、水汽分布以及水汽输送的气候特征 ,特别是亚洲夏季风水汽输送独特的地域性 ,再现了大气环流 ,尤其是陆面气候的基本特征。并指出 ,陆面过程参数化的引进及其陆面状况的变化显著地改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。利用改进的再循环降水模式 ,进一步研究了陆面过程参数化明显改进降水模拟的物理机制。指出全球陆地 ,特别是盛夏北半球干旱、半干旱地区的再循环降水率明显减小 ,与陆面上表面潜热通量的显著减小区一致 ,从而克服了许多未耦合陆面过程的 AGCMs因对地表水过程非常简单地参数化导致的普遍存在着整个陆地降水偏高 ,改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。因此 ,在充分耦合的陆气环流模式中模拟的降水分布与实况接近。     

一种汛期降水分布的客观集成预报方法

该文应用么枕生提出的中心聚类方法确定每个台站所能代表的站 ,在这些台站上对降水距平百分率进行平均 .这种平均对每个代表站逐站进行 ,由此得出的降水分布作为集成预报的对象 .应用最小预测误差平方和逐步算法逐站建立集成预报方程 .应用这一方法对在国家气候中心汛期预报中使用多年的 4个旱涝预报模型进行了集成预报试验 ,然后对每张预报图进行评分 .结果说明集成预报的评分高于 4个原始预报模型的评分 .对于 1 998年长江中下游和嫩江流域的异常洪涝 ,集成预报的评分亦高于 4个原始预报模型的评分     

玉林市低温、霜冻的统计分析

通过对玉林市各站建站至1999年12月的霜冻及低温日(日极端最低气温≤5℃的低温天气)天气的分析,得出了平均初、终霜日的出现日期和平均低温日的开始和终止日期。