黄河流域水循环研究的进展和展望

总结了黄河流域水循环研究的进展,指出缺乏立足于水循环整体的机理过程的探讨及缺乏较成熟的流域水文模型是已有研究的不足。为能更好地模拟水文过程对各种作用力的响应,今后研究的方向将是建立既考虑垂向水分和能量传输(如降水,蒸发,感热),又考虑水平向的地表水分运动(汇流)和地下水基流过程的黄河流域的分布式水文模型。模型将结合遥感信息与地面资料,建立与区域大气环流模式(GCM)的接口,辅之以野外生态试验小区、径流试验场和室内试验的资料,以深入探索黄河流域水循环动力学机制     

SD模型在洱海流域营养物削减策略研究中的应用

针对洱海富营养化问题,本文在深入分析洱海流域营养物输运转移特征的基础上,应用VENSIM-DSS构建了洱海流域的社会、经济、技术、环境SD耦合模型.模型由7个子系统组成,确定了一套适用于洱海流域的耦合模型特征参数.对入湖TN、TP进行追根溯源,模拟结果表明洱海流域入湖TN主要来源于种植业子系统、畜牧业子系统、生活污水子系统和干湿沉降子系统,以上4大子系统占入湖TN的88%;入湖TP主要来源于种植业子系统、畜牧业子系统、生活污水子系统和水土流失子系统,以上4大子系统占入湖TP的89%.以此为基础通过设置4种不同的营养物削减情景,模拟未来10年入湖TN、TP的变化,并通过构建的政策评价子系统和DILLON模型定量评价不同削减方案的可行性,提出最优洱海流域营养物削减方案.     

全球沉积盆地动态分类方法:从原型盆地及其叠加发展过程讨论

沉积盆地是油气生成和聚集的基本地质单元,其形成和发展为板块构造演化所控制,主要表现在两个方面,一是板块从分离到汇聚的不同阶段、板块的不同位置,产生不同的原型盆地,形成了特定的构造-沉积体系,决定了其生、储、盖等基本含油气条件;二是后期叠加的原型盆地不但本身具有新的油气地质特征,还能够改变早期原型盆地的成藏条件及油气分布规律。以板块构造演化历史为时间线索,通过对现今盆地早期原型及其后期叠加改造过程的系统解剖,用动态方法将全球处于一个威尔逊旋回的现今盆地划分为12种类型。在此基础上,总结了各类盆地的基本属性及含油气条件,为科学预测各类盆地的含油气远景奠定了基础。     

Large tufa mounds,Searles Lake,California

Mounds that have formed around spring vents occur in a variety of environmental settings, many at sites generally difficult or inaccessible for sampling. In contrast, over 500 tufa mounds occur in the dry bed of Searles Lake, California. The mounds range from minor features to 45 m in height; most are 5 to 12 m high. These mounds, composed of calcite and aragonite, formed associated with spring vents in the Pleistocene lake bottom. Thus, analyses of these mounds in Searles Lake provide a model with regard to the origin and architecture of tufa mounds. The mounds consist of four distinctive tufa facies. The initial deposits consist of porous tufa, including the innermost (porous 1) and the outermost (porous 2) deposits, followed by nodular tufa, then columnar tufa, and laminated crusts. There are two simple sequences of tufa deposition. The first sequence is from porous 1 to nodular to laminated crusts and, finally, to porous 2. A second sequence consists of: porous 1 to columnar to laminated crusts and, lastly, to porous 2. Facies changes are a response to changes in environmental conditions from deep water (porous 1 facies) to an essentially dry lake phase (during and after the formation of laminated crusts facies), to deep water (porous 2 facies) and, at the present time, totally dry. The primary constituents that comprise the tufa deposits include thin laminae, pisoids, spherulites, peloids and stromatolite‐like crusts. On the microscopic scale, these constituents dominantly make up nano‐spheres, micro‐rods and rod‐like crystals, as well as other calcified bodies. These constituents are interpreted to be the calcified remains of bacterial bodies. These findings suggest that microbial participation in the construct of other mounds should be a major concern of investigation, both for terrestrial and extraterrestrial spring‐fed mounds.     

洞庭湖不同水位高程下南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态

通过野外不同水位高程固定样地多次调查,结合方差/均值比率法研究了不同水位高程下洞庭湖湿地南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态.结果表明:(1)低程区土壤含水量显著高于高程区;低程区土壤颗粒组成与高程区相比有显著差异,低程区土壤为黏砂壤土,高程区为粉砂土;低程区土壤总有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和pH值等与高程区相比无显著差异,而其硝态氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量低于高程区,全磷含量却恰好相反.(2)调查期间,南荻的分布格局随着植物的生长由均匀分布逐渐变为聚集分布,低程区聚集强度更大;(3)南荻的生物量和高度均随时间增长而迅速增加,且低程区的总生物量和增长量均高于高程区;南荻的密度和基径随时间增长而增加,之后趋于平稳,且低程区均高于高程区.结果分析表明,水位高程差异引起的土壤含水量的显著变化可能是影响南荻分布格局和生长动态最重要的因素.因此,适度地调控水位、增加土壤水分含量可能是控制南荻群落扩张的重要措施.     

巢湖微囊藻毒素异构体组成的时空分布特征及影响因子

有害蓝藻释放微囊藻毒素（MCs）,严重威胁饮用水源地用水安全.为了解巢湖MCs污染状况及其异构体组成对水质的影响,于2012年夏季（8月）和秋季（11月）,2013年冬季（2月）和春季（5月）进行采样分析,研究了巢湖水体中胞内微囊藻毒素（IMCs）和胞外微囊藻毒素（EMCs）异构体的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系.结果发现,IMCs和EMCs的平均浓度变化范围分别为0.12~6.45 μg/L和0.69~1.92 μg/L.在3种常见的异构体中,MC-RR和MC-LR比例较高,MC-YR最低,MC-RR和MC-LR是巢湖水体中MCs的主要异构体类型.IMCs和EMCs的异构体浓度及其比例呈现不同的时空分布特征.微囊藻生物量、水温、总磷浓度是影响IMCs和EMCs异构体浓度及其组成变化的关键环境因子.本研究表明巢湖富营养化严重的西湖区夏季能合成更多的MC-RR异构体,而秋、冬季节偏向于释放生理毒性更强的MC-LR异构体.了解MCs异构体组成变化及其关键影响因素,有助于预测预警水体MCs污染状况和评估饮用水源地MCs风险.     

渭河盆地东部地区的活断层

本文根据近年来的调查结果,讨论了渭河盆地东部地区六条主要断裂的活动情况。指出这些断裂现今活动以倾向滑落为主,同时兼有一定分量的左旋走滑运动     

汾河水库流域人工增雨可行性研究

本文通过对汾河流域40a气象、水文资料的分析,结合现阶段人工增雨技术的研究,以增加水库蓄水量为目的,设计科学可行的人工增雨方案,并对可能的投入和预期产生的效益进行分析研究,为通过人工增雨增加水库蓄水量提供科学依据。     

Seasonality and interannual variability of freshwater inflow to a large oligohaline estuary in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Quantity, timing, duration, and fluctuation of freshwater inflow are important factors affecting the development and health of aquatic and adjacent wetland ecosystems in coastal estuaries. This study assessed six decades of freshwater inflow from the Amite River, Tickfaw River, and Tangipahoa River watersheds to Lake Pontchartrain, a large oligohaline estuary in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, whose flood waters caused recent damage to the city of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. By utilizing the long-term (1940–2002) river discharge and climatic data from the three major tributary watersheds, monthly and annual freshwater inflows have been quantified and their spatial and temporal variations have been analyzed. On average, the three rivers discharged (±standard error) 0.27 ± 0.04 km³ freshwater monthly and 3.29 ± 0.15 km³ freshwater annually into the lake estuarine system, with the highest inflow from the Amite River (0.16 ± 0.03 m³ mon⁻¹, and 1.91 ± 0.09 km³ yr⁻¹) and the lowest inflow from the Tickfaw River (0.03 ± 0.00 km³ mon⁻¹, and 0.34 ± 0.02 km³ yr⁻¹). A distinct seasonality was evident with over 69% of the total annual inflow occurring during December and May (wet months) and with a low flow period from August to November (dry months). The monthly inflow during the wet months was positively correlated with the monthly precipitation (r² = 0.64), while the monthly inflow during the dry months was subject to evapotranspiration. Furthermore, the study found a 20-year low flow period from 1954–1973 (2.76 ± 0.24 km³ yr⁻¹) and a 24-year high flow period from 1975–1998 (3.84 ± 0.24 km³ yr⁻¹), coinciding with both the climate variation and population growth in the watersheds.