ANALYSIS OF LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS FOR THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON IN 1998

1INTRODUCTIONLocatingatthesoutheasternpartofAsia,theSouthChinaSea(SCS)linkstheIndianOceanandwesternPacificandimmediatelyborderswiththeSouthAsiamonsoonregion.ItisanimportantlocationinwhichtheEastAsiamonsoonsysteminteractswiththeIndianOceanoneandamostdirectsourceofmoistureforthesubtropicalmonsoonsysteminEastAsia.TheSCSmonsoonanomaliescandirectlyaffectonthetemporal-spatialdistributionofprecipitationinthesouthofChinaandtheChangjiangRivervalleysothatseriousfloods/droughtsarecaused.Com…     

连续冰雹天气的物理量场特征分析

对１９９７年４月２８～２９日山东连续两天出现大范围冰雹天气的天气系统和热力及动力场特征进行了分析。结果表明,这次连续性大范围冰雹天气过程是由冷性低涡影响产生的。冷锋触发对流不稳定能量释放,产生强对流。冰雹产生在中低层对流不稳定、高能舌和低层暖平流、高层冷平流以及低层辐合、高层辐散的上升运动区。对流有效位能和高层正涡度平流对冰雹的产生起主要作用。     

A Simulation Study of the Mesoscale Convective Systems Associated with a Meiyu Frontal Heavy Rain Event

In this study, evolution of the mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） within a Meiyu front during a particularly heavy rainfall event on 22 June 1999 in East China was simulated by using a nonhydrostatic numerical model ARPS （Advanced Regional Prediction System）. Investigations were conducted with emphasis on the impact of the interaction among multi-scale weather systems （MWSs） on the development of MCSs in the Meiyu frontal environment. For this case, the development of MCSs experienced three different stages. （1） The convections associated with MCSs were firstly triggered by the eastward-moving Southwest Vortex （SWV） from the Sichuan Basin, accompanying the intensification of the upper-level jet （ULJ） and the low-level jet （LLJ） that were approaching the Meiyu front. （2） Next, a low-level shear line （LSL） formed, which strengthened and organized the MCSs after the SWV decayed. Meanwhile, the ULJ and LLJ enhanced and produced favorable conditions for the MCSs development. （3） Finally, as the MCSs got intensified, a mesoscale convective vortex （MCV）, a mesoscale LLJ and a mesoscale ULJ were established. Then a coupled-development of MWSs was achieved through the vertical frontal circulations, which further enhanced the MCV and resulted in the heavy rainfall. This is a new physical mechanism for the formation of Meiyu heavy rainfall related to the SWV during the warm season in East China. In the three stages of the heavy rainfall, the vertical frontal circulations exhibited distinguished structures and played a dynamic role, and they enhanced the interaction among the MWSs. A further examination on the formation and evolution of the MCV showed that the MCV was mainly caused by the latent heat release of the MCSs, and the positive feedback between the MCSs and MCV was a key characteristic of the scale interaction in this case.     

Interactions between the 30–60 day oscillation,the walker circulation and the convective activities in the tropical western pacific and their relations to the interannual oscillation

In this paper, interactions between the 30-60 day oscillation, the Walker circulation and the convective activities in the tropical western Pacific during the Northern Hemisphere summer are analyzed by using the observed data of wind fields and high-cloud amounts for the period from 1980 to 1989.The analyzed results show that the 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO) may be largely affected by the convective activities in the tropical western Pacific. The LFO in the tropical western Pacific during the strong convective activities around the Philippines stronger than those during the weak convective activities around the Philippines. Moreover, in the case of strong convective activities around the Philippines, the LFO in the tropical west-ern Pacific and tropical eastern Indian Ocean generally propagates westward, and it is intensified by the LFO with a westward propagating center of maximum oscillation from the east to 140oE. However, in the case of weak convective activities around the Philippines, the LFO gradually becomes stronger with a eastward propagating center of maximum oscillation from the eastern Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific.Corresponding to the 30-60 day oscillation, the Walker circulation is also in oscillation over the tropical Pacific and its circulation cell seems to shift gradually westward from the tropical western Pacific to the tropical eastern In-dian Ocean with strong convective activities around the Philippines. This may maintain the intensification of convective activities there. However, during the weak convective activities around the Philippines, the Walker circula-tion gradually moves eastward and an ascending flow may appear in the equatorial central Pacific. This may cause convective activities to be intensified over the equatorial central Pacific.The analyzed results also show that the LFO in the tropical western Pacific and East Asia may be associated with the interannual oscillation of the SST anomaly in the tropical western Pacific.     

双热带气旋相互作用的研究

采用无基本气流的无辐散正压模式模拟了双热带气旋的运动。应用非对称理论研究了双热带气旋的相互作用。双热带气旋中的每个热带气旋主要由通过其中心的非对称气流（即通风气流）作用而移动。这股非对称气流是由其自身的线性和非线性效应产生的非对称涡旋与其配对热带气旋形成的非对称涡旋相叠加而引起的。     

长江下游梅雨期低涡统计分析

应用1998—2005年长江下游地区常规观测资料,结合卫星云图和中尺度数值模拟结果,对该时段发生在长江下游的局地生成中尺度低涡活动进行统计,并对低涡生成大尺度环境场及物理量参数进行合成诊断分析,为长江中下游地区梅雨期暴雨预报提供实际参考。结果表明:长江下游地区中尺度低涡主要形成于大别山山脉及山脉两侧的高能高湿的环境条件中,槽前的正涡度平流输送是低涡形成的必要条件之一。长江下游地区中尺度低涡一般存在于700 hPa以下的对流层低层,水平尺度普遍在400 km之内,形成后沿东北方向移动,在山东北部沿海入海,或沿东南方向移动在江苏南部到浙江北部沿海入海,在陆地上的生命期一般小于48 h,但70%以上的低涡都在长江下游地区触发中尺度对流系统发展而产生暴雨。暴雨区主要发生在低涡的南侧或东南侧,高低层急流配置、低层水汽输送和地形条件对低涡暴雨的触发具有重要作用。     

河南“7·19”豫北罕见特大暴雨降水特征及极端性分析

2016年7月18-20日受低涡气旋影响,河南省出现了一次全省大范围的强降水过程("7·19"),其中豫北部分地区出现特大暴雨,最大过程雨量达732 mm。本文基于自动气象站降水、地面风场观测资料、雷达组合反射率资料、常规气象探空资料和1°×1°ECMWF再分析资料,对"7·19"过程的降水特征、大尺度环流特征和中尺度系统进行了分析,同时也对比分析了"7·19"过程和1980-2016年以来发生在豫北太行山东麓的71个强降水过程(所选区域至少有一个站点的日降水量大于100 mm)的物理量场特征。结果表明:太行山地形和低涡气旋背景下有利的大尺度环流为"7·19"特大暴雨提供了充沛的水汽和辐合抬升条件;中尺度地形辐合线的生成、发展和维持、多个地面中尺度气旋移动造成的列车效应是导致局地特大暴雨的主要原因,对比不同强降水过程的物理量场显示"7·19"的动力因子具有明显的极端性特征。     

切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度在东北冷涡暴雨中的应用

引入切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度, 并将其应用于东北冷涡暴雨的诊断分析。理论上, 切变风螺旋度定义为风速垂直切变与绝对涡度矢量的点积, 表示风速垂直方向的分布不均匀对涡管的扭转效应, 由扭转项和垂直涡度的辐合辐散项两部分组成。热成风螺旋度是在切变风螺旋度的基础上利用地转关系和热成风关系得出的简化形式, 其强度和符号取决于上升气流和暖湿空气的配置。相对于切变风螺旋度, 热成风螺旋度的计算只需要单平面层的资料即可, 避免了垂直差分计算, 这大大弥补了台站观测中垂直层密度稀疏或者边界层的处理等问题的不足, 使得计算大大简化, 便于业务应用。在以上定义和理论分析的基础上, 选取一次东北冷涡降水过程进行数值模拟, 利用模式输出的中尺度资料, 诊断分析这次降水过程中的切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度。分析表明, 降水中心位于切变风螺旋度的正值和负值区的边界, 与降水的强度变化一致; 而作了热成风近似后的切变风螺旋度中的扭转项 (即热成风螺旋度), 与切变风螺旋度相似, 也能较好地诊断降水和对流 (尤其是强降水和强对流) 的发展, 而且其对暴雨的诊断优于传统的螺旋度。     

“12.7.22”四川暴雨的MCS特征及对短时强降雨的影响

利用FY2D卫星云图云顶亮温(TBB)资料、雷达回波产品和常规气象观测资料、地面自动站降水资料及NCEP 1°×1°逐6h再分析资料,对2012年7月21-22日四川暴雨中的中尺度对流系统(MCS)特征及其对短时强降雨影响进行分析,结果表明:(1)这次暴雨过程在21日00-06时和21日21时至22日03时有两个明显的6h短时强降雨阶段.第一阶段中,500 hPa高原涡与700 hPa低涡切变线、低空急流作用,引发盆地西部短时强降雨;第二阶段中,500 hPa高原涡与700 hPa西 南涡作用,引发盆地南部短时强降雨.(2)短时强降雨通常由MCS中的深对流特征造成,水平尺度多为β中尺度或更小的γ中尺度系统,具有云顶亮温低、雷达反射率因子大和垂直累积液态水含量高等特点.(3)探空资料分析表明,MCS增长初期,大气不稳定能量高,存在风垂直切变,在低层冷暖平流交汇明显且温度梯度大的区域,有利于激发MCS生成,另外高低层系统作用产生的深厚正涡度对其发生发展亦具有重要作用.在演变过程中MCS具有低层正涡度、负散度,高层负涡度、正散度的垂直结构,且上升速度明显,这种结构特征可能是MCS发展维持的重要因素,亦是产生强降雨的机制之一.     

Mesoscale Barotropic Instability of Vortex Rossby Waves in Tropical Cyclones

In this study, the barotropic stability of vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) in 2D inviscid tropical cyclone (TC)-like vortices is explored in the context of rotational dynamics on an f-plane. Two necessary instable conditions are discovered: (a) there must be at least one zero point of basic vorticity gradient in the radial scope; and (b) the relative propagation velocity of perturbations must be negative to the basic vorticity gradient, which reflects the restriction relationship of instable energy. The maximum ...