2010年南方持续暴雨期大气环流异常及其低频特征研究

利用NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料以及国家气候中心台站降水资料等,应用多变量经验正交函数展开（MV—EOF）等方法,对2010年南方持续暴雨期大气环流异常及其低频特征进行了分析。结果表明：2010年东亚夏季风异常偏弱、西太平洋副热带高压位置异常偏南、三次季风涌的出现和高空急流与散度场活动异常及其相互配合,是南方降水异常的主要影响系统;对风场和降水场MV-EOF空间型分布的分析显示,低频降水中心与200hPa的气流辐散中心和850hPa辐合中心相关联;降水的第一模态反映了东亚夏季风的气候态演变,第二、三模态反映了夏季风在季节性推进过程中不同尺度的低频振荡,7月前半月和6月中下旬,第二、三模态分别处于低频振荡的正位相,使长江中下游梅雨和华南前汛期延迟结束,并且增强了江南的梅雨降水,夏季风的气候态演变和低频振荡相叠加导致2010年我国南方暴雨频发。     

一次由“列车效应”造成的致洪暴雨分析研究

2010年6月25日在粤东南部地区发生了超历史纪录的强降水过程。利用MICAPS 3.1软件系统、多普勒雷达及中尺度地面自动加密观测站等资料进行分析表明：深厚的高空冷涡位置偏南,移动缓慢是造成此次极端降水的直接影响系统。有组织排列的多单体风暴活动、地面准静止锋及其前方锋前暖区内出现的中尺度辐合长时间维持,是形成＂列车效应（Train Effect）＂的主要原因,降水回波沿东北—西南向排列的地面总能量中心移动,特殊的地形作用促使＂列车效应＂形成。反射率因子图上显示强降水回波具有低质心结构且垂直发展旺盛,具有＂牛眼＂结构特征的速度图上表明了强盛的低空西南急流存在。由于＂大风核＂存在,造成中小尺度次级垂直环流,并且这些次级环流有规则的排列,这可能是＂列车效应＂形成和维持的主要原因。在上述研究基础上提出了此次＂列车效应＂暴雨模式。     

热带低压远距离对西南涡稳定加强的作用

利用地面观测资料、FY-2C卫星红外云图及中尺度数值模式WRF对2010年7月19-20日河北省南部和中东部一次区域性大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,海上热带低压对西南涡的稳定和维持有远距离作用。由于热带低压的存在而促使西南低涡的发展,使西南低空急流在河北突然增强,降水得以再度加强;冷空气从高空侵入、下沉,加强了大气斜压性,迫使对流层中层空气的抬升,为西南涡的发展提供了动力条件;暖湿气流主要来自西南涡携带的西南气流及海上低压和西太平洋副热带高压的东南气流输送,为暴雨加强提供了充沛的水汽和热力条件。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 30 TO 60 DAY OSCILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE AND THE DROUGHT AND FLOOD EVENTS IN JUNE IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observed precipitation data in the south of China from 1958 to 2000,the impact of 30 to 60 day oscillation of atmospheric heat sources on the drought and flood events in June in the south of China is discussed.During the flood(drought) events,there exists an anomalous low-frequency anticyclone(cyclone) at the low level of the troposphere over the South China Sea and the northwestern Pacific,accompanied with anomalous low-frequency heat sinks(heat sources),while there exists an anomalous low-frequency cyclone(anticyclone) with anomalous heat sources(sinks) over the area from the south of China to the south of Japan.On average,the phase evolution of the low-frequency in drought events is 7 to 11 days ahead of that in flood events in May to June in the south of China.In flood events,low-frequency heat sources and cyclones are propagated northward from the southern South China Sea,northwestward from the warm pool of the western Pacific and westward from the northwestern Pacific around 140°E,which have very important impact on the abundant rainfall in June in the south of China.However,in drought events,the northward propagations of the low-frequency heat sources and cyclones from the South China Sea and its vicinity are rather late compared with those in flood events,and there is no obvious westward propagation of the heat sources from the northwestern Pacific.The timing of the low-frequency heat source propagation has remarkable impact on the June rainfall in the south of China.     

Magnetostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental significance of sediments from ANT29-P7-09 core in Prydz Bay,Antarctica

Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes, the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches, and attracts great attentions from various scholars. One 324 cm long sediment core (ANT29-P7-09) was obtained from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. Based on sediment particle size, TOC, δ¹³C analyses and magnetism data, the authors show that the dominant magnetic minerals are ferrimagnetic pseudo single domain (PSD)-multi domain (MD) magnetite. Variations in the paleoenvironmental records allow us to define 4 zones in the core. These zones outline the climatic variations in the region since the late Early Pleistocene, including a warm period, a transitional period, and a cold period. The magnetic particle assemblage varies with glacial-interglacial cycles. Abrupt changes in particle size, TOC content, and geomagnetism occur at 102–90 cm deep in the core, indicating a sudden warming in the Antarctic region, signaling the onset of the Holocene. The authors identified 3 additional climatic signals in the middle part of the core (232–162 cm) that show unexpected cooling events during the warm period in Prydz Bay, Antarctica.     

北京地区气温的年代际变化和热岛效应

用北京地区20个气象观测站41年(1960~2000年)的年平均气温记录,研究了北京地区的大尺度气温变化及其热岛效应.结果认为,(1)北京地区气温的年际变化具有大尺度的特点,1981年是显著的跃变点,跃变点比跃变前北京地区气温增加了0.55℃,近40年的增温率为0.25℃/10年.(2)北京城市热岛效应具有典型性.1960~2000年北京城市热岛平均强度接近1℃.随着北京城市建设和城市化速度的加快,北京城市热岛强度也在明显地增加,近40年热岛强度的增温率为0.31℃/10年.     

Process Analysis of In-situ Strain during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake—Data from the Stress Monitoring Station at Shandan

Abstract: There were huge life and property losses during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Strain fluctuation curves were completely recorded at stress observatory stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its surroundings in the process of the earthquake. This paper introduces the geological background of the Wenchuan earthquake and the profile of in-situ stress monitoring stations. In particular, data of 174 earthquakes (Ms4.0-Ms8.5) were processed and analyzed with various methods, which were recorded at the Shandan station from August 2007 to December 2008. The results were compared with other seismic data, and further analyses were done for the recoded strain seismic waves, co-seismic strain stepovers, pre-earthquake strain valleys, Earth’s free oscillations before and after the earthquake and their physical implications. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the strainmeter recorded a huge extensional strain of 70 seconds, which shows that the Wenchuan earthquake is a rupture process predominated by thrusting. Significant precursory strain anomalies were detected 48 hours, 30 hours, 8 hours and 37 minutes before the earthquake. The anomalies are very high and their forms are very similar to that of the main shock. Similar anomalies can also be found in strain curves of other shocks greater than Ms7.0, indicating that such anomalies are prevalent before a great earthquake. In this paper, it is shown that medium aftershocks (Ms5.5-6.0) can also cause Earth’s free oscillations. Study of free oscillations is of great significance to understand the internal structure of the Earth and focal mechanisms of earthquakes and to recognize slow shocks, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of geological disasters and the prediction of future earthquakes.     

副高、极涡因子对我国夏季降水的影响

利用奇异值分解方法(SVD)分别分析了北半球副高指数和北半球极涡指数对我国夏季降水(6～8月)的影响,并详细讨论了对我国夏季降水影响重大的具体关系,以及它们影响的区域情况.研究发现,我国夏季降水主要受前期冬季极涡强弱的影响.冬季副高因子的影响是半球范围的,而春季副高因子的影响主要取决于我国南部的副高系统.综合研究极涡、副高两者对我国夏季降水的影响要比分别研究它们各自的影响所得模态的代表性好,预报价值也更高.     

热带准两年振荡影响北半球冬季大气环流的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,首先讨论了热带纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风位相的划分标准.结果发现,赤道50 hPa的风与西风深厚度关系最密切,即赤道50 hPa的纬向平均风为西(东)风时往往代表平流层下层为一层深厚的西(东)风.在此基础上诊断分析了1958/1959～1997/1998年共40个冬季中热带纬向风QBO对北半球中高纬度地区纬向平均环流和准定常行星波传播的影响.诊断分析表明,热带QBO对北半球冬季大气环流的影响主要表现在平流层和对流层上层.热带QBO的东风位相年与西风位相年相比,中高纬地区的绕极西风环流明显减弱,中低纬地区则出现相反变化,从而在平流层的纬向平均环流分布上呈现偶极子形式.纬向平均流的这种年际变化可以很好地用中高纬度准定常行星波传播的异常加以解释,QBO的东风位相年和西风位相年相比,中高纬准定常行星波向极地的传播更强,从而在高纬度平流层产生异常的E-P通量辐合,波-流相互作用的结果使得西风减弱.但是热带纬向风QBO的影响在1958/1959～1997/1998年的前后20年有所差异.后20年相对于前20年而言,东西风位相的差异有所减小,Hol-ton-Tan振荡明显减弱;就行星波传播而言,东风位相年下,前20年行星波向上传播较弱,而后20年则以大约70°N为分界点,以南向上传播较强,以北向上传播较弱.这种差异可能跟中高纬度纬向西风的自身变化有关.     

高原涡与西南涡耦合作用的个例诊断

对1982年7月26～28日由500hPa高原低涡与850hPa四川盆地浅薄低涡耦合作用引发盆地低涡强烈发展与大面积特大暴雨天气发生的机理进行了诊断研究。结果表明,高原低涡东移到100°E附近时,其低涡东部的正涡度平流与负值非平衡强迫与850hPa四川盆地浅薄低涡发生垂直叠加时,两者之间发生耦合作用。导致盆地浅薄低涡与500hPa高原涡同时发展,四川盆地发生大面积暴雨。