磷循环的非线性动力学特性及富营养化

本文在假设湖泊受单一营养盐磷限制和不考虑湖底沉积物影响的情形下,建立了一个单层箱体磷循环的非线性动力学模型,研究湖泊中颗粒磷、可溶性磷和藻类中的磷这三种磷之间的相互关系,理论上分析了磷循环系统的稳定特性,得出三种形式的磷共存是系统趋向稳定的平衡点．然后论文又从人工治理的角度,通过数值计算综合考虑外源性磷、水力冲刷、生物调控和基质浓度因素对磷循环的影响,分析不同因素的改变对系统和湖泊水质的影响,进而对这一类的富营养化现象防治提供可行性的工程上的实际建议．     

The effect of biomanipulation on phosphorus exchange between sediment and water in shallow,tropical Huizhou West Lake,China

Three shallow basins in Huizhou West Lake, China, were compared with respect to phosphorus (P) cycling between sediment and water, binding forms of P in sediment, and macrophyte biomass. The basins had similar sediments and similar depths, but two of the basins were restored by carp fish removal and macrophyte transplantation. These two basins have had clear water, low Chl.a and high macrophyte coverage for seven and ten years, whilst the unrestored control basin had turbid water and higher Chl.a. Judged by diffusive ammonium efflux, sediments in restored basins had higher mineralization rates than the unrestored basin, but the release of total dissolved P were more similar. However, sediments of restored basins released primarily dissolved organic P, while the sediment from the unrestored basin only released dissolved inorganic P. One third of the P release in the unrestored basin occurred from resuspended sediment, while this pathway contributed less than 3% in restored basins where resuspension rates were 10 times lower and the surface sediments affinity for phosphate higher. Besides from the presence of carps in the unrestored basin, the main differences were a large pool of P (700–850 mg P m⁻²) in macrophyte biomass and a smaller pool (∼150 mg m⁻²) as loosely adsorbed P in the sediment of restored basins than in the unrestored (0 in macrophytes and 350 mg P m⁻² as loosely adsorbed). Also, a tendency of higher concentrations of oxidized iron was observed in the surface sediment from restored basins. The study underlines the potential of trophic structure changes to alter internal nutrient cycling in shallow lakes.     

The role of sediments in the phosphorus cycle in Lake Lugano. II. Seasonal and spatial variability of microbiological processes at the sediment-water interface

P, Fe, Mn, and S species were analyzed in water samples from the sediment-water interface collected at four seasonally different times during the course of a year at two sampling sites in the southern basin of Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The results reveal the strong influence of the biogeochemical processes in the sediment on the chemical composition of the lake water above. Consumption of oxygen and nitrate under oxic to microoxic conditions in the water column as well as sequential release of reduced manganese and iron under anoxic conditions was observed as a direct or indirect consequence of microbially mediated degradation of organic matter. The seasonal pattern observed for the release and the retainment of dissolved reduced iron and manganese correlates well with the one for dissolved phosphate. Iron, manganese and phosphorus cycling are coupled tightly in these sediments. Both sediment types act as sinks for hydrogen sulfide and sulfate. An inner-sedimentary sulfur cycle is proposed to couple iron, manganese and phosphorus cycling with the degradation of organic matter. Nutrient cycling at the sediment-water interface might thus be driven by a microbially regulated electron pumping mechanism. The results contribute to a better understanding of the role of sediment processes in the lake's internal phosphorus cycle and its seasonal dynamics.     

Stability of P Saturated Water Treatment Residuals under Different Levels of Dissolved Oxygen

Water treatment residuals (WTRs) are effective phosphorus (P) immobilizers that have been used in constructed wetlands (CWs). In CWs, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels vary from location to location and fluctuate over time. Therefore, this work accessed the stability of P saturated ferric and alum water treatment residuals (FARs) under low (<1 mg/L), medium (2–4 mg/L), and high (5–8 mg/L) DO levels. In the experiments, which had a 40‐day duration, three stages of P release from the P saturated FARs were observed: an initial rapid P desorption stage, followed by a P re‐adsorption stage, and a P desorption balance stage. The strongest bonding between P and FARs occurred at the low DO level. A limited amount of Fe and Al was released from the P saturated FARs. Interestingly, the P in the FARs tended to transform from the Al bound P to the Fe bound P, and this transformation was stronger at lower DO levels. However, no more than 1.12% of the total P in the P saturated FARs was desorbed under any of these DO levels. Therefore, FARs can be considered as a safe P adsorption medium for CWs.     

River water and nutrient discharges in the Northern Adriatic Sea: Current importance and long term changes

Runoff and nutrient transport by rivers were analysed in the Northern Adriatic continental shelf, in order to evaluate their interannual and multidecal variability, as well as their current contribution to determine freshwater and nutrient budgets in this marine region. During the years 2004-2007, the runoff in the basin (34.1-64.6 km³ yr⁻¹) was highly imbalanced, being 84% of freshwater discharged along the western coast, because of the contributions of Po, Adige and Brenta rivers. In the northern and eastern sections of the coast, freshwater discharge by rivers was less important (10 and 6%, respectively), but not negligible in determining the oceanographic properties at sub-regional scales. The oscillations of the transport of biogenic elements (124-262×10³ t N yr⁻¹ for TN, 72-136×10³ t N yr⁻¹ for DIN, 4.5-11.1×10³t P yr⁻¹ for TP, 2.2-3.5×10³ t P yr⁻¹ for PO₄ and 104-196×10³ t Si yr⁻¹ for SiO₂) were strictly dependant to the differences in the annual runoff. A strong excess of N load in comparison to P load characterised all rivers, both in inorganic nutrient (DIN/PO4=37-418) and total (TN/TP=48-208) pools, particularly in the northern and eastern areas of the basin.The annual runoff showed significant oscillations for Po on multidecadal time scale, whereas a general decrease (−33%) was observed for the other N Adriatic rivers as the recent discharges were compared to those before the 1980s. During the dry years 2005-2007, a strong reduction of river water flows and nutrient loads was experienced by the N Adriatic ecosystem with respect to years characterised by medium-high regimes. An increased frequency of similar drought periods, due to ongoing climate changes or to a larger human usage of continental waters, would be easily able to significantly change the biogeochemistry of this basin.     

氮磷硅对咖啡双眉藻和缢缩菱形藻繁殖速度和油脂积累的影响

采用光密度法和尼罗红染色法,探索了氮、磷、硅对从温州海区分离出的底栖硅藻咖啡双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)和缢缩菱形藻(Nitzschia constricta)的繁殖速度和油脂积累的影响。结果显示,2种底栖藻在NO3-N质量浓度为1.746 mg/L时,细胞均不繁殖,且在实验第7天开始死亡,当NO3-N质量浓度再升高后,细胞繁殖速度开始加快,质量浓度达8.820 mg/L后,藻细胞的繁殖速度不再明显加快;2种藻类的繁殖速度均随H2PO4-P质量浓度升高而加快,但当质量浓度达到0.884 mg/L后,藻细胞的繁殖速度不再明显加快;2种底栖藻类均随Si O3-Si质量浓度增加而加快,但质量浓度对2种底栖硅藻细胞繁殖速度影响并不显著。3种元素对2种底栖硅藻繁殖速度的影响力:NPSi。实验期间,2种底栖硅藻的油脂含量均呈先降后升的变化规律,油脂的积累主要集中在实验后期,氮磷硅限制均能促进2种底栖硅藻细胞油脂的积累,对2种硅藻细胞油脂积累的影响程度,氮限制比磷和硅限制都要大。     

营养盐对中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻生长及氮磷组成的影响

：于１９９５年５月１９９６年３月通过一次培养实验,研究了培养介质中营养盐含量变化对中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻生长速率和藻体氮、磷含量的影响。根据Ｍｏｎｏｄ方程,磷酸盐影响中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻生长速率的半饱和常数分别为０．５４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和０．５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ;硝酸盐影响两种藻生长速率的半饱和常数分别为４．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１４．６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,相比之下新月菱形藻更容易受到氮不足的限制。将Ｍｏｎｏｄ方程扩展得到营养限制复合模式,限制程度可用限制作用系数定量化表示,代表氮或磷。培养介质中营养盐浓度是限制浮游植物生长的决定因素,其Ｎ／Ｐ比值则反映ＮＯ_３－Ｎ和ＰＯ_４－Ｐ何者起主要限制作用。藻体氮、磷含量随和有明显变化。当＜０．８０时较低,磷含量因贮存而明显升高;当＜０．８０时藻体磷含量下降,氮含量略有增加。藻体氮含量或＞０．８０时基本上为非限制状态。     

[专稿]长江上游水库改变干流磷通量、效应与修复对策

磷主要随河川径流循环,是水域重要营养或污染物质,是长江及河口浮游生物限制因子.在自然与人类活动作用下,磷循环规律及变化对水生态环境具有重要作用.本文根据实测资料、理论和模型系统分析了长江磷自然循环属性、水库作用及可能的环境影响.长江磷以颗粒态为主,与泥沙关系密切,受水库影响大量沉积;颗粒磷的潜在生物有效磷(BAP)较高,总量超过人类排放;自然背景下磷与淡水系统关系较小,到河口及周边海域释放BAP是这里生态系统关键的营养资源;水库拦截使在底泥沉积并在缺氧环境释放的BAP成为河流上游潜在污染源.水库拦沙也破坏了下游河流泥沙的磷缓冲机制,增加环境脆弱性,降低污染承受能力,抬高水库下泄背景溶解磷浓度和河口碳、氮的相对程度,增加干流最下游大型水库污染和水华风险.另一方面,实测资料对比研究表明,我国河流地表水环境监测规范中的磷分析方法存在问题,采用"澄清样"方法使磷大量漏测,上下游、河湖库及汛枯期间磷通量监测口径不同、标准不一,很难适应流域一体化管理要求;依此监测的评估也会严重低估水库作用,忽视其拦磷和抬高背景溶解磷等机制,误导污染源解析,影响环境管理与决策.流域水库改变泥沙、磷及循环规律是当前长江干流环境条件的实质性改变,是长江保护生态面临的主要问题和修复重点之一,建议在大型水库持续挖泥用以功能性修复河流物质通量和消除上游潜在污染内源.     

饮马河流域典型湿地植物净化河流水环境效果研究

采取单种及混种方式,通过小型湿地模拟实验,研究松花江支流饮马河流域河流湿地中常见的芦苇、香蒲、槽秆荸荠、藨草、慈姑、花蔺、菱角、紫背浮萍和金鱼藻9种湿地植物及其组合对河流水体中化学需氧量(COD_(cr))、氮、磷等的净化效果。结果表明:所选湿地植物,在模拟环境条件下均能有效提升取自河流水体的水质;不同的湿地植物对污水中各污染物净化具有明显的差异,花蔺对总磷(TP)、COD_(cr)和氨氮(NH_3-N)净化效果最好,去除率依次为99.65%、68.22%和99.54%;香蒲、菱角、金鱼藻混合组对总氮(TN)的净化效果最好,去除率是66.19%;槽杆荸荠、芦苇和金鱼藻对亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2-N)的净化效果最好,去除率是83.64%。两种植物混种后对某一种污染物指标的处理效果弱于分别独种时的处理效果,但对多种污染物指标的综合处理效果一般要好于独种时的处理效果。