马兰煤矿矿井水水质变化特征及成因

通过对山西省马兰煤矿2号煤层采掘面在开采和封闭时期的矿井水和沉积物的研究,揭示采掘面封闭前后对矿井水水质和沉积物的影响机理。研究结果表明：马兰煤矿矿井水均为SO₄-Ca型水质,矿井水均富含SO₄^2-和Fe离子;随着上部煤层的不断开采,3处矿井水呈现相同的变化规律,矿井水的pH值升高,Eh值降低,SO₄^2-、Fe、Mn和Zn离子浓度随之下降,其中北一暗斜井处的矿井水水质变化最显著;矿井水水质指标和流速变化能够控制其沉积物的矿物组成和结晶程度,北一暗斜井处的沉积物在两次采样中由斯沃特曼铁矿变为针铁矿,而其他两处的矿井水沉积物矿物组分没有发生变化,主要由针铁矿组成。研究结果能够提高对老空区积水水质的预测精度,并对煤矿突水水源判识具有重要意义。     

Extreme rainfall characteristics for surface slope stability in the Malaysian Peninsular

This paper discusses the results of an investigation on the influence of rainfall intensity and duration on the suction distribution within a soil mass. A series of numerical analyses were conducted on an infinite slope model to simulate the responses of the slope consisting of typical soil types to various rainfall intensities and durations from selected locations in the Malaysian Peninsular. The study showed that the critical duration was governed by three major factors: the saturated permeability of the soil, the geographical location, and the depth of the slip plane. The critical rainfall duration for highly permeable soil was 1 day, while 30 days of antecedent rainfall were required for the stability analysis of a slope made of soil with low saturated permeability. The critical duration of antecedent rainfall in soils with intermediate saturated permeability was found to vary with the rainfall pattern. A chart is proposed to determine the critical duration, critical intensity and critical suction for each type of soil.     

长春市城市土壤中重金属元素的积累及其微生物特性研究

由于人为活动的影响,长春市城市土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd已有了显著积累。在重金属的胁迫下,土壤微生物特征发生了明显变化,微生物代谢活动明显增强,但微生物生物量却有较大的降低。微生物生理生态参数土壤微生物量碳与总有机碳的比值(Cmic/Corg)和代谢商QCO2(微生物呼吸作用强度与微生物量碳的比值)变化异常。研究表明,微生物特性可作为城市土壤环境中重金属含量变异的有效指标。     

化学与稳定同位素指纹示踪原油类污染:以广东南海两次小型溢油事件为例

化学和稳定同位素指纹是目前国际上用于示踪石油类污染来源及其环境命运的有效技术。通过气相色谱-质谱(GC—MS)分析可疑重油与被污染水体及植物表面污染物的饱和烃和芳烃分布以及生物标志化合物姥姣烷、植烷、“不可分辨的混合物”(UCM)等化学指纹特征,对比可疑重油与被污染水体表面漂浮重油的沥青质同位素组成,追踪了发生在广东省南海市的两次小型重油泄漏事件。结果揭示,2002年10月16日晚发生的污染事件源于某饲料公司锅炉房的重油泄漏;而2002年10月25日的泄漏事故则是某加油站重油渗漏所致。     

论中国大陆复杂和混杂的碰撞带构造

中国大陆碰撞带是以结构复杂、形成过程复杂和物质成分趋于混杂为主要特征的。在构造特征上 ,表现为由构造岩片和混杂岩带所组成 ,形成扇状褶皱和对冲型逆掩断层。在剖面上常形成楔状(鳄鱼式 )构造 ,在平面上可构成嵌入构造 ,它们其实是两个板块在碰撞过程中互相挤压、缩短与穿插的、一个统一的三维共轭剪切断裂系统中的不同表现形式。绝大多数中国大陆碰撞带都不是一次形成的 ,而是经历了多期次、活动性质各不相同的、复杂的形成过程。为了进一步提高碰撞带的研究水平 ,应该把碰撞带及其两侧的板块当作一个整体来进行综合研究 ,应该大力加强碰撞带周邻板块的沉积古地理、生物古地理、古地磁学、地球化学和构造变形、变位资料的系统研究。碰撞作用时期是元素、岩石和构造单元趋于混杂的时期 ,而不是有利于元素、物质的分异和富集。碰撞带的主碰撞期形成的矿床是十分有限的。笔者推测有 4种类型的矿床可能将成为西部古碰撞带地区找矿的主要目标。     

Origin and tectonic significance of a Mesozoic multi-layer over-thrust system within the Yangtze Block (South China)

In the Yangtze Block (South China), a well-developed Mesozoic thrust system extends through the Xuefeng and Wuling mountains in the southeast to the Sichuan basin in the northwest. The system comprises both thin- and thick-skinned thrust units separated by a boundary detachment fault, the Dayin fault. To the northwest, the thin-skinned belt is characterized by either chevron anticlines and box synclines to the northwest or chevron synclines to the southeast. The former structural style displays narrow exposures for the cores of anticlines and wider exposures for the cores of synclines. Thrust detachments occur along Silurian (Fs) and Lower Cambrian (Fc) strata and are dominantly associated with the anticlines. To the southeast, this style of deformation passes gradually into one characterized by chevron synclines with associated principal detachment faults along Silurian (Fs), Cambrian (Fc) and Lower Sinian (Fz) strata. There are, however, numerous secondary back thrusts. Therefore, the thin-skinned belt is like the Valley and Ridge Province of the North American Applachian Mountains. The thick-skinned belt structurally overlies the thin-skinned belt and is characterized by a number of klippen including the Xuefeng and Wuling nappes. It is thus comparable to the Blue Ridge Province of Appalachia.The structural pattern of this thrust system in South China can be explained by a model involving detachment faulting along various stratigraphic layers at different stages of its evolution. The system was developed through a northwest stepwise progression of deformation with the earliest delamination along Lower Sinian strata (Fz). Analyses of balanced geological cross-sections yield about 18.1–21% (total 88 km) shortening for the thin-skinned unit and at least this amount of shortening for the thick-skinned unit. The compressional deformation from southeast to northwest during Late Jurassic to Cretaceous time occurred after the westward progressive collision of the Yangtze Block with the North China Block and suggests that the orogenic event was intracontinental in nature.     

关于太古宙—元古宙界线的新认识

２５００Ｍａ作为太古宙－元古宙界线的提议被２８届国际地质大会通过，但并不意味着２５００Ｍａ作为太古宙－元古宙界线是永恒的最佳选择。事实上，太古宙－元古宙界线划在何处还存在很多争论，现行的界线划分依据也期分期标准相悖。大量资料表明），２３００Ｍａ时曾发生全球地质环境的灾变，灾变前后的地质作用（尤其是表生地质作用），有明显变化，导致了太古宙与元古宙的一系列差别。该灾变与元古宙－显生宙，古生代－中生代，     

Concentrations and contamination trends of heavy metals in the sediment cores of Taihu Lake,East China,and their relationship with historical eutrophication

To assess the contamination trends and potential bio-availability of sediment-bound heavy metals, concentrations of heavy metals in acid-leaching fraction and in bulk sediments from the two typical bays (the Meiliang Bay and Xuhu Bay) of the Taihu Lake, East China, were studied. Pb and Zn showed elevated concentrations in the sediments from both areas, although sedimentation history and degree of pollution are different between the two bays. In the Meiliang Bay, both Pb and Zn pollutions started in the late 1970’s, the same time as the beginning of eutrophication of the lake, while the in the Xuhu Bay the metal contamination started since recent 10 years. The concentrations of acid-leachable Pb in the sediments from the Meiliang Bay are correlated with the historical eutrophication process. Before the eutrophication and heavy metal pollution, the chemical properties of the lake sediments were the same as the source compositions of the Xiashu loess. Both Pb and Zn in the sediments mainly occur in leachable forms by nitric or hydrochloric acid, whilst most of Cu is in residual fraction. The results indicate that both Pb and Zn may have higher mobility and bioavailability in water and biology than Cu.     

南北地理分界线—秦巴山区碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率研究

溶蚀速率作为反映岩溶作用强度的一个量化数据,其研究有助于岩溶区生态系统的恢复,对石漠化治理研究也有较为重要的意义。陕西秦巴地区是中国地理上重要的南北分界线,其气候、生态环境与南方存在明显差异,为应对日益严峻的岩溶生态环境退化问题,亟需针对陕西秦巴地区开展岩溶作用的研究。研究选取林地、灌丛、草地三种植被类型,利用标准溶蚀试片法获得溶蚀速率,分析不同植被类型、气候条件对溶蚀速率的影响,以及溶蚀速率与石漠化程度的关系。结果表明：三种植被类型地下平均溶蚀速率表现为林地＞灌丛＞草地的规律。降雨与溶蚀速率有显著的正相关性,相关系数R=0.84,而气温与其相关性不显著。在发育石漠化区域的溶蚀速率对比中,发现人类活动越频繁的地区,溶蚀速率越大,石漠化程度越高。     

现代河流沉积物碎屑及矿物组分研究新进展

现代河流沉积物忠实地记录了流域盆地内的母岩、风化、搬运和沉积过程中的化学、物理过程以及人类活动的改造作用,是探索和验证源- 汇系统等理论的重要媒介。本文以全球现代河流砂组分数据库为基础,总结了碎屑组分、重矿物组分在不同大陆的分布特征,探讨了其在物源识别、源区贡献率计算、沉积物产生及搬运过程中气候- 构造等影响因素的评估、对源- 汇系统的研究启示等方面的应用。今后建议加强基于大数据的沉积物组分对气候- 构造- 人类活动的响应、沉积物产生及通量、高时间分辨率的沉积物组分变异性、不同物源定量化方法的差异等方面的研究。