一种基于主成分分析的协同克里金插值方法

针对协同克里金插值方法在插值时,辅助变量较多造成计算复杂度增加,而辅助变量较少引起插值精度降低这一问题,提出了一种基于主成分分析的协同克里金插值方法（PCA-CoKriging）。该方法首先使用主成分分析对插值相关变量进行将维,得到较少几个综合指标,然后里利用这几个综合指标作为辅助变量进行协同克里金插值。为验证该方法的有效性和数据分布对该方法的影响,本文选取了2016年北京市范围内4个季节中PM_2.5浓度满足正态分布效果不同的4组数据,分别使用PCA-CoKriging和普通克里金插值方法、常规协同克里金插值方法,进行了插值试验。结果表明,本文方法与普通克里金插值方法、常规协同克里金插值法在4组试验中的平均绝对误差分别为4.91、6.04、5.61,平均均方根误差分别为6.65、8.76、7.57。综合比较,本文方法比常规协同克里金插值的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别提升了10.73%、12.56%,比普通克里金插值法的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别提升了18.71%、24.09%。     

A method for the analysis of macroseismic questionnaires

We attempt to put right an algorithm for the objective evaluation of seismic intensities by questionnaires. For its investigation, the National Institute of Geophysics in Rome uses, a macroseismic questionnaire composed of 79 quesitons, distributed into 10 degrees of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg (MCS) scale. This algorithm makes use of the weighted mean of the number of given answers concerning each degree. This kind of weighted mean seems to be suitable for avoiding the phenomena of the effects of superimposition.     

国外共享海洋重力数据精度分析

针对国外共享海洋重力数据来源不一,数据精度不确定等问题,该文提出了在实际应用中利用相关系数法及中误差分析等方法对其进行质量评估。选取了有实测海洋重力数据覆盖的海域,以实测重力数据为基准,联合皮尔逊方法及中误差分级分析等方法,对同海域内国外共享的重力数据开展了质量评估,并对数据精度评价结果进行了分析。结果证明,该海域内国外共享的海洋重力数据精度为±8×10~(-5) m/s~2,数据质量总体较高,可在剔除异常跳点后应用到实际的研究工作中。     

利用主成分分析法及地理加权回归模型分析AOD数据

针对采用地理加权回归模型（GWR）进行预测时输入变量较多导致计算复杂度高,而输入变量较少引起预测精度降低这一问题,提出了一种基于主成分分析的地理加权回归方法（PCA-GWR）。首先,该方法检验了气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）影响因素之间的共线性;然后,通过非线性主成分分析法（NLPCA）对影响AOD值的若干相关变量进行处理,既消除了相关变量彼此之间的多重共线性,又可以起到降维的作用;最后,利用非线性主成分分析得到较少的几个综合指标,通过地理加权回归模型对AOD值进行分析预测。为验证该方法的有效性,采用京津冀地区的AOD、高程、风速、气温、湿度、气压、坡度、坡向数据,利用Pearson相关系数法选取与AOD浓度具有较高相关性的影响因素作为常规的GWR模型的输入变量,在变量个数相同的前提下,与本文方法进行对比。研究结果表明：应用非线性主成分分析法对相关变量进行预处理后,有效地解决了变量之间的共线性,保留了原始影响因素主要信息,提高了运算效率,且该方法所得的MAE、RMSE、AIC及其拟合优度R²均优于常规的GWR模型。     

农村人口流动对地震灾害人员伤亡评估的影响研究?以张家口为例

通过对农村人口流动的数据统计,利用Pearson相关分析法,分析不同因素下张家口地区村镇人口流动情况,发现流动人口率与人均水浇地面积和地理位置存在显著的相关性,并建立该区域村镇人口流动关系模型。通过实地调研张家口地区村镇人口数据,验证了村镇人口流动关系模型的适用性。基于公里格网人口、建筑物等基础数据,进行张家口地区设定地震灾害人员伤亡评估,结果表明,基于村镇人口流动关系模型修正后的人员伤亡评估结果与专家修正后的结果更接近。村镇人口流动关系模型可给出合理修正后的地震灾害人员伤亡评估结果,且更适用于6.0级以上有人员伤亡的地震评估。     

最小二乘法估算Pearson-Ⅲ型分布参数的改进

Pearson-Ⅲ曲线分布在气象、水文和农业等领域有广泛的应用,其概率密度函数包含形状参数\begin{array}{c}\left(\alpha \right)\end{array}、尺度参数\begin{array}{c}\left(\beta \right)\end{array}和起始值\begin{array}{c}\left({\alpha }_0\right)\end{array}3个待估计参数。应用Pearson-Ⅲ分布来估算强度的关键在于这3个参数估算的精度。由于原有最小二乘法在估算参数时未考虑各参数的有效区间,参数\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}可能小于0,并导致估算强度出现负值,从而使雨强、水速、水位等强度估算出现异常值。经理论推导证明,若Pearson-Ⅲ概率密度函数中的参数\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}非负,则估算出的强度值不会出现负值。以该推导为基础,提出了一种改进的Pearson-Ⅲ分布三参数估算算法。首先根据最小二乘法估算迭代计算一系列参数组合;然后按离差平方和的大小排列各组参数;接着利用各组参数分别计算\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}值,过滤使\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}小于0的参数组合;最后在剩下的参数中选取离差平方和最小的一组作为最优参数。以估算暴雨风险值作算法测试实验,结果表明改进算法模拟得到的\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_0\end{array}值始终大于等于0,估算出的暴雨风险值均在合理范围之内。对比改进算法与传统算法的参数分布拟合检验结果,发现改进算法能使更多的气象站点通过了置信度为0.05的分布拟合检验。因此,利用改进后的算法估算出的Pearson-Ⅲ概率密度函数参数更合理,且强度估算结果更准确,对编制城市暴雨强度公式有一定的参考价值。     

Notable shifting in the responses of vegetation activity to climate change in China

The weakening relationship between inter-annual temperature variability and vegetation activity in the Northern Hemisphere over the last three decades has been reported by a recent study. However, how and to what extent vegetation activity responds to climate change in China is still unclear. We applied the Pearson correlation and partial correlation methods with a moving 15-y window to the GIMMS NDVI dataset from NOAA/AVHRR and observed climate data to examine the variation in the relationships between vegetation activity and climate variables. Results showed that there was an expanding negative response of vegetation growth to climate warming and a positive role of precipitation. The change patterns between NDVI and climate variables over vegetation types during the past three decades pointed an expending negative correlation between NDVI and temperature and a positive role of precipitation over most of the vegetation types (meadow, grassland, shrub, desert, cropland, and forest). Specifically, correlation between NDVI and temperature (P_NDVI-T) have shifted from positive to negative in most of the station of temperature-limited areas with evergreen broadleaf forests, whereas precipitation-limited temperate grassland and desert were characterized by a positive P_NDVI-P. This study contributes to ongoing investigations of the effects of climate change on vegetation activity. It is also of great importance for designing forest management strategies to cope with climate change.     

Basic characteristics, spatial disparity and its major influencing factors of service industry in China

Based on the analysis of its basic characteristics, this article investigated the disparities of Chinese service industry among the three regions (the eastern China, the western China and the middle China) and inter-provincial disparities of that in the three regions by Theil coefficient and cluster analysis. Then, major factors influencing its spatial disparity were explored by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The conclusions could be drawn as follows. 1) The development of Chinese service industry experienced three phases since the 1980s: rapid growth period, slow growth period, and recovery period. From the proportion of value-added and employment, its development was obviously on the low level. From the composition of industrial structure, traditional service sectors were dominant, but modern service sectors were lagged. Moreover, its spatial disparity was distinct. 2) The level of Chinese service industry was divided into five basic regional ranks: well-developed, developed, relatively-developed, underdeveloped and undeveloped regions. As a whole, the overall structure of spatial disparity was steady in 1990–2005. But there was notable gradient disparity in the interior structure of service industry among different provinces. Furthermore, the overall disparity expanded rapidly in 1990–2005. The inter-provincial disparity of service industry in the three regions, especially in the eastern China, was bigger than the disparity among the three regions. And 3) the level of economic development, the level of urban development, the scale of market capacity, the level of transportation and telecommunication, and the abundance of human resources were major factors influencing the development of Chinese service industry.     

高风速作用下波龄与波陡的关系

利用wAVEwATCH-Ⅲ模式对台风玲玲、天鹅和达维期间南海海域风浪场进行了数值计算,利用最小二乘法对计算结果进行统计、分析,得出高风速作用下波高与周期的关系以及波龄与波陡的关系。     

基于IGGⅢ的地理加权回归模型研究

针对离群值存在时地理加权回归模型拟合效果较差的问题,本文提出了基于IGGⅢ的地理加权回归方法。核心是采用IGGⅢ方案中的权函数计算权重矩阵,将权因子用于地理加权回归参数估计模型。利用模拟数据和真实数据与GWR、ACV-GWR进行对比试验,以MSE、MAE和R²作为指标对结果进行评价。模拟试验结果显示,IGGⅢ-GWR比GWR性能分别提升了51.14%、23.77%、28.4%,比ACV-GWR分别提升了49.96%、22.57%、27.1%;真实试验结果显示,IGGⅢ-GWR比GWR性能分别提升了12.65%、7.44%、0.37%,比ACV-GWR分别提升了11.85%、6.96%、0.34%。试验结果表明,基于IGGⅢ的地理加权回归可提高模型的抗差能力,拟合效果更好。