潮汐潮流三维数值模拟在庄河电厂温排水问题中的应用

基于POM模式,本文应用了考虑了四个主要分潮(M_2,S_2,K_1,O_1)的三维数值模式,对北黄海近岸的庄河电厂附近海域进行了数值模拟潮汐潮流的三维数值模拟。用模拟流场,对电厂的温排水进行的模拟结果表明,大约在模拟15d后,温升场可以达到基本稳定。另外,温排水的排水口设在表层、中层、底层三种情况下,排水口取在表层时,对海域的温升影响范围较小。,2000     

渤、黄、东海夏季环流的数值模拟

在POM的基础上 ,建立一个σ坐标系下的三维斜压预报模式 ,考虑了海底地形、外来流、长江径流、海面风应力、海面热交换等多方面因素的影响 ,较好地模拟了夏季东中国海环流的情况。其结果表明 ,黑潮在流经东海时沿东海陆坡流动 ,其途径随陆坡等深线走向而变 ,在其两侧出现一些涡旋。夏季台湾暖流上层水主要来自台湾海峡 ,底层水主要由台湾东面黑潮的次表层水入侵陆架生成。夏季进入朝鲜海峡的对马暖流的来源是多方面的 ,其中有 :台湾暖流、黑潮分支、长江冲淡水与西朝鲜沿岸流的混合水。长江冲淡水在出长江口后 ,很快转向北流动 ,到34°N附近转向东南方向。在长江口东北面存在两个中尺度的涡旋。夏季黄海冷水环流由南北两部分组成 ,表层流速大 ,底层流速小。在青岛 石岛附近还存在一个中尺度的反气旋型涡旋     

降低水平压力梯度误差的方法比较

由于坐标变换的关系,σ坐标海洋模式在处理陡峭地形时会产生较大的水平压力梯度误差.为减少水平压力梯度误差,前人提出了一系列改进的方法,这些方法可分为减去平均密度法、平滑地形法、网格变换法和水平压力梯度计算方程变换法4类.水平压力梯度计算方程变换法又可分为密度雅克比法、高阶精度法、有限体积法和转换到z坐标下计算水平压力梯度法.利用POM模式模拟理想海山来比较标准密度雅克比法、线性插值到z坐标法、四阶精度插值法、三次方多项式拟合法和权重密度雅克比法在计算水平压力梯度中出现的误差.模式初始时垂向分成,水平均匀,外模时间步长为12 s,内模时间步长为360 s,计算时间为360 d.从最大流速误差的结果可以看出,标准密度雅克比法得到的最大流速误差为0.45 m/s左右;线性插值到z坐标法得到的最大流速误差达到0.7 m/s;四阶精度方法计算得到的最大流速误差为0.3 m/s;权重密度雅克比方法和三次方多项式拟合法计算得到的最大流速误差相差不大,都只有0.2 m/s左右.标准密度雅克比法计算得到的单位质量平均动能最大,为9×10-4 m2/s2;四阶精度方法和线性插值到z坐标方法计算得到的单位质量平均动能差不多,为3×10-4 m2/s2;三次方多项式拟合法计算得到的单位质量平均动能为1.9×10-4 m2/s2;权重密度雅克比方法计算得到的单位质量平均动能最小,仅为1×10-4 m2/s2.标准密度雅克比法的计算耗时最短,为294 min;与其相比,三次方多项式拟合法的计算耗时增加了5.9%;权重密度雅克比法的计算耗时增加了8.8%;四阶精度插值法的计算耗时增加了23.6%.线性插值到z坐标法的计算耗时最长,需要384.5 min,相对于标准密度雅克比法的计算耗时增加了30.6%.因此,综合最大流速误差、平均动能和计算耗时的结果可知,线性插值到z坐标法的计算结果相对较差,采用权重密度雅克比法能较好地降低水平压力梯度误差.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation for transport of oil spills in seas

This study extends previous two-dimensional research [Wang, S.D., Shen, Y.M., Zheng, Y.H., 2005. Two-dimensional numerical simulation for transport and fate of oil spills in seas. Ocean Engineering 32, 1556–1571] to three dimensions in order to investigate the vertical dispersion/motion of the spilled oil slick, which is a more realistic model of the motion of the spilled oil. To this end, a three-dimensional (3-D) model, based on the particle approach, is developed for simulating oil spill transport and fate in seas. The amount of oil released at sea is distributed among a large number of particles tracked individually. These particles are driven by a combination of water current, wave- and wind-induced speed and move in a 3-D space. Horizontal and vertical diffusion are taken into account using a random walk technique. The model simulates the most significant processes which affect the motion of oil particles, such as advection, surface spreading, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, turbulent diffusion, the interaction of the oil particles with the shoreline, sedimentation and the temporal variations of oil viscosity, density and surface tension. In addition, the processes of hydrolysis, photo-oxidation and biodegradation are also considered in this model. The model has been applied to simulate the oil spill accident in the Bohai Sea.     

The fate of suspended sediment and particulate organic carbon in transit through the channels of a river catchment

Particulate organic matter (POM) transiting through rivers could be lost to overbank storage, stored in‐channel, added to by erosion or autochthonous production, or turned over to release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (either while in the water column or while stored in the channel). In the UK, a net loss of POM across catchments has been recorded, and the aim here was to investigate the balances of processes acting on the POM. This study considered records of suspended sediment and POM flux in comparison to stream flow, velocity, stream power, and residence time for the River Trent (English Midlands, 8,231 km²). We show that for the lower two thirds (106 km) of the River Trent, 2% is lost to overbank storage; 10% is lost to the atmosphere in the water column; and 31% is turned over while in temporary storage. Permanent in‐channel storage is negligible, and for the lower course of the river, material stored in‐channel will have a residence time of the order of hundreds of days between the last flood hydrograph of one winter and the first winter storm of the next winter (usually in the same calendar year). When considered at the scale of the UK, 1% POM in transit would be lost to overbank sedimentation; 5% turned over in the water column, and 14% turned over while in temporary storage. In the upper third of the study river channel, there is insufficient stream power to transport sediment and so in‐channel storage or in‐channel turnover over to the atmosphere dominate. The in‐channel processes of the River Trent do not conform to that expected for river channels as the headwaters are not eroding or transporting sediment. Therefore, the source of sediment must be lower down the channel network.     

连续深度基准面构建及通航水深服务模式研究

通航水深是船舶在某时段沿着一定航线通过特定区域的最浅水深,对船舶的安全航行具有重要意义。海图测绘时将水深归算至深度基准面,由验潮资料求得,而潮汐值是通过临近区域发布的潮汐表来进行推算,由此获得的通航水深精度不 高,且不同港区之间采用深度基准不统一,所以无法为船舶提供精确、连续的通航水深。本文提出了一种基于高精度 GNSS的通航水深测量方法,直接测量海底高程,通过精密数值模型模拟海面高程,由此获得通航水深,并提出了实时通航水深的应用模式。为了建立与陆地地形相衔接的海底地形模型,以 CGCS2000 参考椭球面为垂直参考基准面,深度基准面采用 POM（Princeton Ocean Model） 模式进行潮波数值模拟的方法构建。实验结果显示：数值模型精度较高,构建的深度基准面误差在5 cm 以内。本文提出的方法改变了传统的通航水深测量及服务模式,提供高效率、高精度通航水深、海图水深数据,可为船舶用户提供实时动态水深服务。     

Counter-Wind Deep Current in the Northern Beibu Gulf in Boreal Winter

The Beibu Gulf is at an important geographical location and rich in gas, oil and biological resources. The observed currents showed that the current in the upper layer was opposite to that in the lower layer in boreal winter in the northern Beibu Gulf and it was northeastward in the lower layer. This northeastward current was reproduced by a 3 D baroclinic model in this study. It's found that the counter-wind deep current(referred to as ‘CWDC' hereinafter) strengthened from September to November but weakened from December to the following February. A closed meridional circulation in vertical direction was found in the northern Beibu Gulf, including CWDC, surface southwestward current, an upwelling, and a downwelling. The temporal variation process of the meridional circulation was similar to that of CWDC, with strength and range stronger in November and December than in other four months. Similar to the variation process of CWDC, the monsoon wind changed from weak easterly wind in September to strong northeasterly wind in November and December, and it was transformed into weak southeasterly wind in February again. The sensitive experiments showed that CWDC and the meridional circulation were controlled by the monsoon wind and were adjusted by heat flux-and tide-induced mixing, respectively. According to the momentum balance equation, it can be revealed the counter-wind deep current is a compensation current which is induced by the surface elevation gradient balanced by the Coriolis force, vertical diffusion and baroclinic pressure gradient.     

Carbon input, production and turnover in the interstices of a Lake Tegel bank filtration site, Berlin, Germany

The sandy littoral zone of Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany) was investigated during 2004–2006 down to sediment depths ≥26 cm to derive a scheme of seasonal carbon turnover under induced bank filtration conditions. Carbon turnover processes were quantified regarding external and internal sources of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM), primary production, community respiration, redox potential as well as specific loads of soluble chemical compounds such as nitrogen, iron, manganese and DOC.Over the course of the year, infiltrating DOC decreased by about 13–20% within the upper 26 cm sediment of the infiltration stretch. Gradients of all observed soluble compounds that are highly cross-linked to biological activities were highest in the topmost centimetre. In this depth mass balances (output–input) were negative concerning NO₃-N (−1 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹, summer mean) and DOC (−2 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹, winter mean), respectively, while specific loads of cations such as manganese reached up to 0.2 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹ during summer. Carbon mineralization ranged between 3 and 7 mg C dm⁻² d⁻¹ and was nearly twice as high in summer as in winter. The turnover of the infiltrating DOC contributed maximally 25% in summer to 50% in winter to the entire organic carbon mineralization. Gross and net primary production differed up to a factor of >10, indicating very fast turnover reactions and the predominance of community respiration and mineralization, respectively. The POC in the upper sediment layer (10 cm) temporally varied around 1% sediment d.w.; benthic algae, organic seston input and autumnal leaf fall contributed similar percentages to the POC pool.     

Organic matter in ria sediments: Relevance of terrestial sources and temporal variations in rates of accumulation

The Ria of Vigo, one of the classical rias of SW Europe, is an environment of high production of organic matter naturally induced by the Galician upwelling. The organic matter is partly supplied by small rivers but mainly by sewage plants along the ria shoreline; jointly they contribute 725 t y⁻¹ of POC, of which 72% is of anthropogenic origin. The freshwater flux is equivalent to a supply of 5 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ of allochtonous POC to the ria floor. However the rate of accumulation of POC is dominated by the order of magnitude higher supply of autochthonous material from the net primary production. The present accumulation rate of organic matter (49-58 g_POC m⁻² yr⁻¹) is lower than the average supply, estimated from the sedimentary record, to the ria since the middle of the nineteen Century (>60 g_POC m⁻² yr⁻¹). This difference may be due to anthropogenic activity or changes in the upwelling pattern. The composition of the organic matter in the sediment reflects the relative importance of the various sources (terrestrial-marine). While terrestrial woody materials dominate the inner ria, phytoplankton remains dominate the remainder of the ria. Rock-Evaluation analysis indicates the inner ria is the site of deposition of gas-prone material and it is inferred that the outer ria of oil-prone organic matter. The controls on the accumulation of POC in the rias show many differences to those found in estuaries affected by anthropogenic activities e.g. agriculture and increasing human population.     

Influence of the Danube River inputs on C and N stable isotope ratios of the Romanian coastal waters and sediment (Black Sea)

The main aim of this study was to estimate the influence of the seasonal variations of the Danube River particulate organic matter (POM) inputs on the Black Sea surface seawater POM and upper layer of sediments along the Romanian coast. Ratios of carbon ((13)C/(12)C) and nitrogen ((15)N/(14)N) stable isotopes allowed differentiating river and marine organic matter sources. Danube River POM presented significantly lower average values of delta(13)C (-27.52+/-0.88 per thousand) and delta(15)N (4.88+/-1.45 per thousand) than seawater POM (delta(13)C=-24.70+/-2.37 per thousand and delta(15)N=6.75+/-1.96 per thousand), whereas surface sediment presented average values similar to seawater POM (delta(13)C=-24.02+/-2.39 per thousand and delta(15)N=7.29+/-2.16 per thousand). Stable isotope values showed that the Danube River influence on marine ecosystems decreased from the North to the South of the Romanian coast. Strong seasonal variations of C and N isotopic signatures were observed in all compartments studied with generally higher values in spring when the river was flooding.