中国第四纪黄土地球化学研究进展

在研究第四纪时期发牛的古环境变化的过程中,对矿物在表生环境下的地球化学行为的研究是正确理解一些十分重要的替代性气候指标环境意义的基础。在我国著名地质学家、地球化学家侯德封先生生前竭力倡导下,我国第四纪沉积,特别是黄土的地球化学研究这些年来取得了举世瞩目的成果。本文试图对我国这一领域发展的现状作一系统的综述,特别对存在的问题提出一些看法,以其推动我国第四纪地球化学的研究工作,并表示对侯老的怀念之情。     

A Wind-tunnel Study of Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flow over Vegetated Surfaces to Suppress PM10 Emission on Owens (dry) Lake

Dust storms on Owens (dry) Lake located 200 milesnortheast of Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., havecaused serious PM₁₀ emission problems. Alaboratory-based experimental study was conducted toinvestigate the efficiency of 'vegetation cover' onthe playa to suppress dust emission rates as part ofa mitigation plan.Erodible lakebed material and field vegetation (saltgrass) taken from Owens (dry) Lake were placed in awind tunnel to simulate near-surface wind flow in theatmospheric boundary layer. Vertical wind-speedprofiles and vertical PM₁₀-concentration profileswere measured over six different levels of surfacevegetation cover. In order to understand the mechanismof aeolian particle transport and dust injection intothe atmosphere, the roughness parameter, z₀, thefriction velocity, u_*, and the surface dragcoefficient, C_D, were carefully determined.An empirical equation was developed to predictPM₁₀ emission rates as a function of wind speedand level of vegetation coverage for Owens (dry) Lake.Although the current results apply only to theeffectiveness of vegetation cover to suppressPM₁₀ emissions at Owens playa, the procedure canbe employed for any arid area or region that mightutilize added vegetation as a mitigation measure.     

2010年秋季鞍山气溶胶光学特征变化

利用2010年9-11月鞍山大气成分监测站CE-318太阳光度计观测资料,依据气溶胶光学厚度测量原理,计算得到2010年鞍山秋季大气气溶胶光学厚度、波长指数等大气光学特性数据,通过统计分析,给出鞍山秋季气溶胶光学特性分布特征。结果表明：随着测量AOD波段的降低,AOD值逐渐增大,9月的AOD平均值最大,10月AOD平均值次之,11月AOD平均值最小。从频率分布看,2010年9月 AOD日均值集中分布在0.4-0.6之间,10月和11月AOD日均值集中分布在0.0-0.4之间,表明10-11月大气较为清洁|波长指数日均值的频率分布说明鞍山秋季大气污染物以细粒子为主。500 nm 的AOD值与波长指数成对数关系,两者在9、10月和11月的相关系数分别为0.5145、0.8412和0.2715;9月AOD与PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度为较小负相关,10月和11月AOD与PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度成正相关,且10、11月AOD与气溶胶细粒子相关性较为显著。AOD值与能见度在趋势上呈较小的负相关性,可能是由于高层气溶胶粒子对气溶胶光学厚度产生了主要影响。     

西宁市典型污染日PM10输送规律研究

为研究西宁市PM₁₀的区域性污染特征,对2006年3月至2010年2月各季逐日大气污染指数（API,首要污染物为PM₁₀）进行统计分析。利用后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT Model）对西宁市典型污染日（API > 200）中气团的后向轨迹进行模拟,研究PM₁₀的运动轨迹和区域性污染的可能来源。结果表明：西宁市一年中春季（集中于3月和4月）PM₁₀污染严重,与该季节气团对颗粒物的长距离输送有关。造成西宁市重污染状况的主要天气是风沙尘,北部和西北部的沙漠地区是主要风沙源;相邻城市PM₁₀污染峰值的提前与滞后,体现出区域性污染的传输过程。     

New constraints from the Hα line for the temperature of the transiting planet host star OGLE‐TR‐10

The spectroscopic analysis of systems with transiting planets gives strong constraints on planetary masses and radii as well as the chemical composition of the systems. The properties of the system OGLE‐TR‐10 are not well‐constrained, partly due to the discrepancy of previous measurements of the effective temperature of the host star. This work, which is fully independent from previous works in terms of data reduction and analysis, uses the Hα profile in order to get an additional constraint on the effective temperature. We take previously published UVES observations which have the highest available signal‐to‐noise ratio for OGLE‐TR‐10. A proper normalization to the relative continuum is done using intermediate data products of the reduction pipeline of the UVES spectrograph. The effective temperature then is determined by fitting synthetic Hα profiles to the observed spectrum. With a result of T_eff = 6020 ± 140 K, the Hα profile clearly favours one of the previous measurements. The Hα line is further consistent with dwarf‐like surface gravities as well as solar and super‐solar metallicities previously derived for OGLE‐TR‐10.The Hα line could not be used to its full potential, partly because of the varying shape of the UVES échelle orders after flat field correction. We suggest to improve this feature when constructing future spectrographs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A note on 10Be‐derived mean erosion rates in catchments with heterogeneous lithology: examples from the western Central Andes

Millennial catchment–mean erosion rates derived from terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are generally based on the assumption that the lithologies of the parent rock each contain the same proportion of quartz. This is not always true for large catchments, in particular at the edge of mountainous plateaus where quartz‐rich basement rocks may adjoin sedimentary or volcano‐sedimentary rocks with low quartz content. The western Central Andes is an example of this type of situation. Different quartz contents may be taken into account by weighting the TCN production rates in the catchment. We recall the underlying theory and show that weighting the TCN production rate may also lead to bias in the case of a spatial correlation between erosion rate and lithology. We illustrate the difference between weighted and unweighted erosion rates for seven catchments (16 samples) in southern Peru and northern Chile and show variations up to a factor of 2 between both approaches. In this dataset, calculated erosion rates considering only granitoid outcrops are better correlated with catchment mean slopes than those obtained without taking into account the geological heterogeneity of the drained watershed. This dataset analysis demonstrates that weighting erosion rates by relative proportions of quartz is necessary to evaluate the uncertainties for calculated catchment–mean erosion rates and may reveal the correlation with geomorphic parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用MODIS资料监测京津冀地区近地面PM2.5方法研究

为建立京津冀地区冬季近地面细颗粒物浓度监测方法模型,利用气象模式资料对2013年1-3月MODIS的AOD二级深蓝算法产品进行湿度和垂直订正,与同期观测的地面细颗粒物PM_2.5资料进行相关分析。结果表明：AQUA的MODIS深蓝算法AOD产品更适用于建立冬季AOD-PM2.5遥感监测模型,其R²为0.33;以气象模式资料中边界层高度代替气溶胶标高对MODIS的AOD进行垂直订正,并结合IMPROVE观测的气溶胶吸湿增长特征构建分区湿度订正方法,可以提高AOD-PM_2.5模型结果的精度,建立较为理想的京津冀地区冬季遥感反演综合模型,模型结果与地面监测结果R²达0.5以上。根据建立的模型计算了2013年1-3月的京津冀地区PM_2.5月平均浓度,京津冀地区1月的PM_2.5浓度较高,南部大部分地区空气质量已经达到重度污染水平。     

长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征及其环境意义

为剖析长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征,分别沿南北和东西轴线采集了34件城市近地表灰尘样品,采用激光粒度仪对样品进行了粒度测试分析。结果表明：长春市近地表灰尘颗粒物平均中值粒径和算术平均粒径分别为21.58 μm和24.24 μm,分选极差;以粗粉粒（10.00～80.00 μm）为主,平均约占71.28%,黏粒组（<5.00 μm）和细粉粒组（5.00～10.00 μm）分别约占14.75%和13.05%。频率曲线呈正偏双峰型分布,峰态中等偏窄,与现代尘暴和城市街道灰尘分布特征相一致,反映出其起源的多元性和相对稳定性,表明近地表灰尘沉积仍是风积作用的继续。近地表灰尘颗粒物粒径均小于100.00 μm,极易在外动力条件下再次扬起并悬浮搬运,PM₁₀和PM_2.5所占比例分别为27.76%和7.32%,其生态环境效应不应被忽视。粒径分布无显著空间变化,但城市中心区域粒径变化范围小,这可能说明城市边缘区域较中心区域近地表灰尘的起源更具多源性和复杂性。     

大连地区一次沙尘过程的激光雷达观测研究

利用激光雷达、PM10观测、地面及探空等综合观测资料,针对大连地区2006年4月7—8日的沙尘过程,基于Fernald积分法反演了沙尘过程气溶胶消光系数,分析了沙尘过程的时空分布特征及沙尘气溶胶的垂直结构,并对沙尘严重影响地面的原因进行了初步探讨。结果表明,激光雷达探测可以精确反映沙尘气溶胶的垂直结构和时空变化信息,并且能弥补人工气象观测的不足;此次沙尘影响高度较低,主体过境时沙尘层中心高度小于0.5 km。沙尘层内消光系数最大达到0.96 km-1;激光雷达反演得到的180 m高度处的气溶胶消光系数与地面PM10浓度吻合较好;沙尘影响地面时,地面PM10浓度增大,相对湿度明显降低。大气低层逆温和近地面风速等气象条件对沙尘影响地面的时间和程度有很大作用。