非饱和带全剖面尿素态氮迁移转化规律分析

尿素是农田常用氮肥,本文通过实验室土柱试验,利用HYDRUS-1D建立非饱和带尿素态氮迁移转化模型,并对大沽河地下水源地夏玉米生长季节内水氮运移过程进行模拟,分析灌溉农业条件下非饱和带全剖面中氮迁移转化和深层淋溶规律。结果表明:(1)常规施肥条件下,尿素态氮水解达97.09%,仅有0.01%能够淋溶至地下水;(2)硝态氮更易淋溶至地下水,硝态氮淋失量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下淋失量表现为深施>灌施>表施;(3)根系吸氮量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下吸氮量表现为灌施>深施>表施,不同管理策略下玉米氮素利用率为20%~50%;(4)常规条件下土壤储氮量>玉米氮素利用率>氮淋溶量>气态氮损失。本研究对量化氮迁移转化过程、定量评价氮损失、预测地下水氮污染具有重要意义。     

The stemflow of trees in a Bornean lowland tropical forest

Stemflow volume generation in lowland tropical forests was measured over a 1‐year period in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The stemflow volume generated by 66 free‐standing trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) over 1 cm and a tree height over 1 m were measured daily in a representative 10 m × 10 m plot of the forest. Throughfall in the plot was also measured using 20 gauges in a fixed position. Of the 2292 mm of total rainfall observed during the year‐long period, stemflow accounted for 3·5%, throughfall for 82% and there was an interception loss of 14·5%. Understory trees (DBH < 10 cm) played an important role in stemflow generation, producing 77% of the overall stemflow volume and 90% during storms with less than 20 mm of rainfall. Also, owing to their efficiency at funneling rainfall or throughfall water received by their crowns, some understory trees noticeably reduced the catches of the throughfall gauges situated under the reach of their crown areas. During storms producing greater than 20 mm of rainfall, 80% of the total stemflow occurred; trees with a large DBH or height and for which the ratio between crown's diameter and depth is less than 1, tended to generate more stemflow volume in these storms. Mean areal stemflow as a fraction of rainfall in this lowland tropical forest was 3·4%, but may range from 1–10% depending upon the proportion of trees that are high or poor stemflow yielders. Trees with DBH greater than 10 cm were likely to contribute less than 1% of the 3·4% mean areal stemflow in the forest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雨滴撞击引起的飞机动量损失分析

近几年来，由于飞机试图在雷暴天气下着陆，发生了若干商用飞机事故。引起事故的主要原因是那些与雷暴单体有关的风切变。事实上飞机除遭遇风切变外，若干飞机还同时陷入大雨单体，由于雨滴撞击和大雨使翼面变粗糙，使飞机遭受动量损失和阻力增大，从而影响了飞机的空气动力性能。通过对雨滴撞击而使飞机遭受的动量损失的分析，作出大雨对飞机空气动力性能影响的评定。     

同步卫星伪码测距系统设计

根据伪码测距技术和卫星通讯的特点,针对我国已发射的或将要发射的以及我国目前租用的C波段和Ku波段卫星,设计了用高精密传输终端(或MITREX)进行伪码测距时卫星地面站的参数,并估算出了伪码测距精度。     

波浪荷载作用下饱和钙质砂孔压特性及累积损失能量试验研究

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因土,为我国南海岛礁吹填的主要材料。研究其动力特性对开发南海资源意义重大。实际工程中,钙质砂主要受到幅值和主应力方向均变化的波浪荷载作用,其作用效果与一般定轴剪切试验有较大不同。因此,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟波浪荷载,开展一系列饱和钙质砂的不排水试验,重点研究循环应力比CSR和相对密实度Dr对钙质砂孔压特性的影响,并与石英砂对比分析,发现颗粒形态差异导致了两类砂土不同的孔压发展模式。同时,引入能量法,初步探究钙质砂累积损失能量变化规律。在此基础上,建立了考虑不同相对密实度的钙质砂孔压-累积损失能量模式。     

干法灰化处理对含有机质土壤样品铜同位素测量的影响

分析土壤样品的铜同位素时,其中有机质会对化学纯化流程以及测试过程产生严重的干扰。因此,在不改变样品铜同位素组成的前提下,完全去除土壤中的有机质对于获取高精度的铜同位素数据至关重要。干法灰化是一种快速、有效的有机质处理方法,并且能够减少氧化性试剂的使用。但是该流程可能会对挥发性元素(如铜)的组成产生影响,因此需要在使用前进行条件实验探究。本文采用干法灰化流程对含有机质的土壤样品进行有机质处理,同时使用高压湿法消解对相同的样品进行处理,并分别在纯化后用MC-ICP-MS测量铜同位素组成,通过两种处理方式测量结果的对比,探求干法灰化法对土壤样品铜同位素组成的影响程度。结果表明:高压湿法消解流程能够获得较为可靠的铜同位素组成数据;干法灰化流程使铜同位素组成的测量值显著偏离真实值,δ65Cu最多可偏差3.46‰。这是因为样品中铜的挥发丢失导致了铜同位素组成发生分馏,并且其影响程度受到了多种因素控制,如样品性质和灰化温度等。因此,实验结果更推荐使用湿法消解对土壤样品进行处理。     

抗高温油井水泥降失水剂的合成及性能研究

以丙烯酸（AA）、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺（DMAA）、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）、丙烯酰胺（AM）、对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）等为原料合成油井水泥降失水剂,并对该新型油井水泥降失水剂配置的水泥浆综合性能进行室内试验评价。结果表明水泥浆中加入该降失水剂可以控制API滤失量在50 mL以内,抗温达180 ℃。降失水剂使水泥浆的抗析水能力增强,稠化时间略有延长;抗盐能力达到36%。值得进一步推广应用。     

梯形喉口无喉道量水槽水力性能分析

以解决灌区普遍存在的通过增大水头损失来提高测流精度的问题为目标,探究梯形喉口无喉道量水槽在末级梯形渠道中量水的适用性。基于Flow-3D软件,采用RNG k-ε紊流模型和Tru-VOF方法对梯形喉口无喉道量水槽和矩形喉口无喉道量水槽水力性能进行了数值模拟,并通过物理原型试验验证了模拟结果的合理性。研究结果表明:梯形喉口无喉道量水槽测流过程中弗劳德数沿程呈单峰分布,在喉口下游附近出现临界流且喉口上游弗劳德数均小于0.5,满足灌区量水要求;测流过程中,最大流速位置随着量水槽边界变化而变化;对喉口收缩比相同的矩形喉口和梯形喉口无喉道量水槽测流精度、水头损失比较得出,梯形喉口有效改善了小流量时测流误差和大流量时的水头损失。     

Montreal Protocol at 30: The governance structure,the evolution,and the Kigali Amendment

Scientific discoveries, national regulations, and international agreements impact our lives. If we bring all three together in a solid but flexible governance structure, then we are able to address those impacts and share more evenly their consequences across different nations. This is what the Montreal Protocol has done in its 30 years of life and will continue to do thanks to the recent Kigali Amendment. There are many lessons for diplomacy to be drawn from the recent negotiations, including the critical role of science. The most important lesson in reaching consensus is the injection of optimism, pride, ownership of the process, and building trust among all nations. The solid yet flexible foundation of the Montreal Protocol provided a firm grounding for the Kigali negotiations to experiment with the different negotiating techniques in a forum where countries, industry, non-governmental organizations, and scientists are brought together by the United Nations.     

NASA's contribution to ozone research and monitoring

NASA has a long and significant history in observations and data analysis research for understanding the short- and long-term changes in ozone in the atmosphere. For nearly 40 years, NASA has overseen satellite observations of stratospheric ozone. These observations have been augmented by ground-based remote sensing, balloon borne, and aircraft observations of ozone and ozone-related species and by continuous observations of ozone depleting substances. Together, they form the evidential basis for understanding ozone changes over these past four decades. Also, NASA has continuously funded laboratory, modeling and data analysis activities to better understand the observations obtained by NASA and other programs. NASA has plans to continue these activities in the future, at a level consistent with available funding, other Earth Science observational priorities, and more importantly, with a goal of ensuring that data exist to understand changes in ozone in the future as the abundances of ozone depleting substances decrease and those of greenhouse gases increase.