O3浓度增加对冬小麦影响的试验研究

利用OTC 1型开顶式气室对冬小麦进行不同O3 浓度处理的试验研究。结果表明 ,O3 浓度增加 ,冬小麦发育期表现为开花前期有所延迟 ,开花后期的各发育期明显提前 ,生育期缩短 ,植株矮化 ,干物质累积量明显下降。无论是长时期通气处理还是阶段性通气处理 ,产量均明显降低     

1997年和2011年春季北极臭氧损耗事件的对比分析

采用SLIMCAT化学传输模式以及再分析资料,对比分析了1997和2011年北极地区平流层臭氧异常偏低事件及其成因。结果表明,1997和2011年3月北极地区大气臭氧柱总量（TCO）异常值都达到了约-80 DU,并且在30-200 hPa（中下平流层）区域的大气臭氧柱总量异常约占整层大气臭氧柱总量异常的80%。分析表明发生在这两年的极端臭氧偏低事件均可能是由于上一年冬季的拉尼娜事件导致上传的行星波减少,使得北极极涡加强,平流层温度异常偏低,生成了更多极地云,引起更强的臭氧化学损耗导致的。对比这两年的大气臭氧柱总量变化发现,2011年的柱总量减少得更快。2011年北极地区上对流层下平流层（UTLS）区域臭氧下降要明显强于1997年,其主要原因应该是2010-2011冬季的拉尼娜活动更强,北太平洋海温更高,进一步减弱阿留申低压和平流层波活动。这导致2011年极涡温度异常偏低更强烈,形成了更多的极地平流层云甚至出现了第二类极地平流层云,最终加速该年春季的臭氧化学损耗引起的。     

臭氧在卤虫卵孵化中的应用效果研究

臭氧因具有强氧化性,可以起到灭菌、消毒、净化水质的作用 ,并且它在水中可迅速分解为氧气,不会造成对水体的污染［１，８，９］,被认为是一种绿色环保型的“消毒剂” ,因而在水产养殖中的应用越来越广泛。以往人们的研究主要集中在臭氧对养殖鱼类的毒性及水体的杀菌效果等方面［５，６，８］ 另有报道臭氧影响微藻中的脂肪酸和蛋白质的含量［７］。有关臭氧对卤虫卵孵化率的影响仅见有孙广明等［２］报道 :利用臭氧处理过的水进行卤虫卵孵化,可使其孵化率提高１０%以上。但有关卤虫卵孵化的最佳臭氧浓度、臭氧对卤虫无节幼体的成活率影响、…     

臭氧处理海水对小球藻蛋白质、氨基酸和碳水化合物含量的影响

要用臭氧处理的海洋小球藻，分析了不同生长期小球藻的蛋白质、氨基酸、碳水化合物的含量。结果表明，一定剂量的臭氧处理海水不可提高小球藻的蛋白质含量，降低碳水化合物的含量，提高氨基酸的绝对含量，鱼类必需氨基酸占所氨基酸总量例变化不大。说明该处理有利于小球藻营养价值的提高。     

2017年上海臭氧污染气象条件分析及臭氧污染天气分型研究

根据2016-2017年上海空气污染物和相关气象要素数据,分析上海2017年O₃变化特征以及气象影响因素,并对造成O₃污染的天气系统进行主观分型。结果表明：2017年上海市空气质量优良天数为275 d,占全年天数的75.3%,O₃-8h污染天数为55 d。上海市O₃-8h年均浓度115 μg·m^-3,同比增幅超过10%,为2013年以来的最高值,主要体现为夏半年O₃浓度的上升。与2016年相比,2017年夏半年西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,上海地区风速风向、温度、水汽、光照、辐射条件均有利于O₃浓度上升。造成2017年高浓度O₃污染主要有4种天气类型：副热带高压控制型（SH）、地面高压型（G）、均压场型（J）和低压型（D）。其中副热带高压控制型是典型的O₃-8h污染天气型,占总污染日数的29.1%,且污染程度较重;低压型出现次数较少;地面高压型的臭氧平均污染程度最弱。     

Influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on UV Index variations – a study over tropical urban region using ground based observations and satellite data

Measurements of total ozone column and solar UV radiation under different atmospheric conditions are needed to define variations of both UV and ozone and to study the impact of ozone depletion at the Earth’s surface. In this study, spectral and broadband measurements of UV-B irradiance were obtained along with total ozone observations and aerosol optical depth measurements in the tropical urban region of Hyderabad, south India. We specifically used an Ultra-Violet Multifilter Rotating Shadow band Radiometer (UVMFR-SR), to measure UV irradiance in time and space. To assess the aerosol and O₃ effects on ground-reaching UV irradiance, we used measurements from a Microtops II sun photometer in addition to the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible radiation (TUV) model. We also assessed the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program – Operational Line Scanner (DMSP-OLS) night time satellite data for inferring biomass burning fires during the study period. Results clearly suggested a negative correlation between the DMSP-OLS satellite derived fire count data and UVMFR-SR data suggesting that aerosols from biomass burning are directly attenuating UV irradiance in the study region. Also, correlation analysis between UV index and ozone measurements from sun photometer and TOMS-Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) indicated a clear decrease in ground reaching UV-B irradiance during higher ozone conditions. The higher levels are attributed to photochemical production of O₃ during the oxidation of trace gases emitted from biomass burning. Results also suggested a relatively high attenuation in UV irradiance (~6% higher) from smoke particles than dust. We also found a relatively good agreement between the modeled (TUV) and measured UV irradiance spectra for different atmospheric conditions. Our results highlight the factors affecting UV irradiance in a tropical urban environment, south India.     

多层模式中臭氧加热率的计算及其对大气温度场的影响

本文介绍一个简单、经济的适用于各种多层大气环流模式中计算臭氧加热率的参数化方案,利用这一方案,可根据臭氧总量气候观测值及其垂直分布资料计算臭氧加热率,也可以在模式中加入臭氧方程,用预报的臭氧含量计算臭氧加热率.用此方案对单站气候资料试算,结果指出,随着高度的增加,臭氧吸收太阳辐射对大气太阳加热率的贡献逐渐接近、达到并在平流层50hPa附近明显超过其它物质如水汽的贡献.此方案用于九层大气环流模式时,对其辐射加热率的计算有较理想的改进,并使模拟的大气温度垂直分布更符合观测事实.     

用太阳及天光光度计进行大气臭氧探测

在紫外光谱区，大气臭氧有较丰富的吸收带结构。作者用自制的太阳及天光光度计测量直射阳光、直射月光和曙暮光的紫外吸收光谱，并用带吸收法计算臭氧垂直柱总量及斜程含量。文中介绍了观测和计算方法，并给出北京地区晴朗天气条件下观测的初步结果。     

Intercomparison campaign of vertical ozone profiles including electrochemical sondes of ECC and Brewer-Mast type and a ground based UV-differential absorption lidar

An intercomparison campaign was conducted at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France in September 1989 in order to compare the three instruments used for vertical tropospheric ozone profiling in the European TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research Project) network: balloon borne ECC and Brewer-Mast sondes and a ground based UV-DIAL (DifferentialAbsorptionLidar). Additionally, a stratospheric lidar system and the Dobson spectrophotometer of the OHP were operated. Seven simultaneously measured vertical ozone profiles gave evidence for systematic differences of 15% between both types of electrochemical sondes in the troposphere, the Brewer-Mast sondes reading the smaller ozone values. These differences might be explained on the one hand by a possible contamination of the ozone sensor with reducing substances, causing a negative bias mainly for Brewer-Mast sondes and, on the other hand, by the evolution of the sonde background current during the flight, causing a positive bias for ECC sondes and a negative bias for Brewer-Mast sondes. The tropospheric lidar system, measuring the vertical ozone distribution between 6 and 12–15 km, showed ozone concentrations intermediate between the sonde results. This is in good agreement with its estimated systematic error of better than 7% in the upper troposphere. In the stratosphere, the differences between electrochemical sondes and the lidar are between 5 and 10% before the normalisation with the total ozone values measured by the Dobson spectrophotometer, and always below 5% after. While the Dobson normalisation thus corrects rather well the stratospheric part of the sonde profile, it only partially reduces errors occurring in the troposphere.     

全球大气臭氧层的主要特征和变化趋势

根据全球臭氧地面站（Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ站、Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ站、Ｍ８３和Ｍ１２４ａｌ）总量资料、臭氧探空廓线资料和雨云卫星（ＴＯＭＳ、ＳＡＧＥⅠｆｏＳＡＧＥⅡ）臭氧总量和廓线资料，给出南、北半球特别是南极地区平流层臭氧主要特征和变化趋势。结果表明，无论是中、低纬地区还是高纬地区（特别是南极地区的“臭氧洞”）臭氧总工从７０年代开始呈下降趋势，特别是近十几年来有加剧下降之势，这是各国政府和科学家极为关注的环境和气候问题。此外，还对臭氧总量变化趋势的各种解释作了综述。