青岛大气臭氧及其前体物时间变化与污染特征

利用2003年12月—2005年3月青岛八关山观测资料,分析大气中O3、NOX和CO浓度时间变化规律与影响因素,探讨O3及其主要前体物NOX、CO间复杂的相互作用及相关关系。结果表明:青岛NO2日平均浓度年超标率为25%;受光化学反应及大气运动等影响,NOX与CO浓度为冬季高、夏季低,O3与之相反;NOX与CO浓度日变化呈双峰型分布,日间高于夜间;O3浓度峰值出现于午后(滞后于NOX约5 h),阴雨天夜间浓度出现回升。经滞后相关分析,NOX对O3浓度变化的累积效应作用时间为5—6 h;O3与NO、NO2浓度比值可较明显地验证出辐射强度与尾气排放对青岛及其他地区污染特征的影响。青岛CO与NOX比值在不同天气条件下维持在10.0左右,可用于定性估计其大气污染特征。     

影响北京夏季O3污染的O3前体物浓度及天气条件分析

根据2003年北京夏季近地面大气光化学污染物观测资料,对中国气象局培训中心(代表站)O3超标日浓度、O3前体物浓度、不同天气条件下O3浓度分布特征等进行分析。结果表明:中国北京夏季NO2,NO,CO的浓度特征与日本神奈川县相似,白天(16:00以前)如果NO2/NO超过29,则容易出现O3超标;VOC浓度的高低影响O3浓度;当处于暖湿气流控制,地面为小风或静风、气温较高、湿度较大的多云天气时,易出现O3超标情况。这些污染物发生的特点和规律对北京大气光化学污染的研究和防治具有借鉴意义。     

The Use of State-of-the-Art Kites for Profiling the Lower Atmosphere

This paper presents the capabilities and limitations of using state-of-the-art kites for atmospheric research. A brief historical review of the subject is first presented, followed by an outline of the current status of kite-borne measurement technology. The utility of the technique is then illustrated by presenting a series of recent measurements made using kite-borne technology. A summary of the advantages and limitations of kite-based measurements relative to other technologies is provided for reference.     

INTEX-B NO_2排放源在中国地区的应用与检验

将INTEX-B排放源应用到空气质量模型Model3-CMAQ中,对中国地区对流层NO2的浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并与OMI卫星对流层NO2资料进行了对比和验证。结果表明：将INTEX-B排放源应用到Model3-CMAQ模式,模拟的NO2浓度在中国地区的分布、季节变化规律与卫星资料所得结果一致。敏感性试验表明,工业及电厂排放对NO2的浓度贡献最大,而交通排放的贡献相对较小,两种排放均主要集中在京津、长江三角洲等经济发达地区。     

Surface ozone over the Atlantic ocean

During the past decade (1977–1986) ozone has been measured on board various research vessels between 83° N and 76° S. The latitudinal distribution shows nearly twice as high an ozone concentration in the Northern Hemisphere (30 ppb) as compared to the Southern Hemisphere (15 ppb). North of 70° N the concentration rapidly drops to low values (17 ppb). In the ITCZ we frequently observed a pronounced secondary maximum which indicates that tropospheric-stratospheric exchange may be induced by deep convection. During other occasions, ozone concentrations below 10 ppb were observed in the ITCZ. Secondary maxima are also found in each hemisphere, indicating the latitudes in which stratospheric-tropospheric exchange occurs. One such pronounced maximum is found between 60 and 65° N. A comparable counterpart does not, however, occur in the respective southern latitudes.The observations, although incomplete, allow for conclusions with respect to seasonal cycles, at least in some of the latitudes or for some part of the year. In the tropics differences between continental and maritime yearly cycles are found. In mid to high northern latitudes, a sharp maximum is found which extends to the summer months over continental European sites. In the respective southern latitudes, such a spring maximum is only indicated.Comparison with occasionally concurrent Kr 85 measurements by other groups allows for the conclusion that in some cases photochemically produced ozone in polluted air masses is seen over the Atlantic ocean.     

TEST OF A PARAMETERIZATION FOR NOCTURNAL OZONE REDUCTION IN THE RESIDUAL LAYER BY DOWNWARD MIXING DURING SUMMER SMOG SITUATIONS

A simple parameterization describing the ozone depletion in thenocturnal residual layer by a parameter related to the mixing potential ofthe boundary layer was tested over homogeneous terrain in EasternGermany, on the basis of continuous SODAR and near-surface ozonemeasurements. For a summer smog episode in July 1994 the proposedrelationship could not be confirmed. This is attributed to the meteorologicaland transport situation as well as to the site-dependent characteristics.     

燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境的影响

采用红外光谱和电子探针分析方法,开展对华北克拉通北缘燕辽地区中生代火山岩中斑晶矿物包裹体地球化学成分研究,并具体分析了燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境所造成的重大影响。研究表明,从中生代早期至晚期,燕辽地区火山活动喷出气体及其气溶胶对古环境造成的影响具有明显不同的演化特征。从早到晚表现为：（1）南大岭期玄武质火山喷出的剧毒气体富集S与Cl,它们导致火山区附近地表温度下降和酸雨形成;（2）髫髻山期安山质-粗面安山质火山喷发形成的气体以高含量的H2O和CO2为特征,其对周围环境造成的影响是引起地表温度上升;（3）张家口期粗面质和流纹质火山作用喷出的剧毒气体富集Cl和F两组分,它们主要是破坏大气臭氧层和形成酸雨;（4）辽西义县期和九佛堂期中酸性火山活动喷入大气圈剧毒火山气体的S、Cl和F含量均较高,火山喷出的大量气体及其气溶胶与火山灰一起导致辽西中生代大量带毛恐龙和孔子鸟等脊椎动物集群死亡,并形成化石层。本文从火山气体及其气溶胶对古环境影响的角度初步分析了辽西地区出露大量中生代脊椎动物化石的原因。     

Numerical Experiment for the Impact of the Ozone Hole over Antarctica on the Global Climate

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西南地区臭氧空间分布及变化趋势

本文利用2003年1月—2012年12月的MSR2臭氧总量月平均资料对四川盆地(28～31°N,104～106°E)、青藏高原(27～37°N,80～95°E)、云贵高原(23～27°N,98～106°E)3个区域的臭氧总量空间分布及变化趋势进行了对比分析。得到了以下结论,四川盆地常年存在臭氧总量最大值,青藏高原次之,云贵高原最低。在2003—2012年这10 a间西南地区臭氧总量总体呈上升趋势,这同全球臭氧总量近几十年的变化趋势相一致,其中上升趋势云贵高原四川盆地青藏高原。西南地区在这十年间分别出现了臭氧总量最小值年(2008年)和臭氧总量最大值年(2010年),其中青藏高原还出现了一个臭氧总量最小值年(2004年)。就臭氧总量季节变化而言,在2003—2012年10 a间西南地区臭氧总量在春季存在最大值,但是青藏高原的臭氧总量在秋季存在最小值,而四川盆地和云贵高原的臭氧总量在冬季存在最小值。