基于地基宽带辐射观测资料的云检测算法改进

利用地表太阳总辐射和散射辐射对Long and Ackerman (2000)的云检测算法进行了改进,提高了云判别的准确率.首先采用比值概率密度峰值法,初步选出晴天时刻.然后根据晴天时刻的地表太阳总辐射和太阳天顶角余弦值,拟合得到该日晴天总辐射近似表达式.在此基础上,计算各时刻实际观测值与用该拟合式估计的总辐射的比值,...     

Impacts of an improved low-level cloud scheme on the eastern Pacific ITCZ-cold tongue complex

A statistically-based low-level cloud parameterization scheme is introduced, modified, and applied in the Flexible coupled General Circulation Model (FGCM-0). It is found that the low-level cloud scheme makes improved simulations of low-level cloud fractions and net surface shortwave radiation fluxes in the subtropical eastern oceans off western coasts in the model. Accompanying the improvement in the net surface shortwave radiation fluxes, the simulated distribution of SSTs is more reasonably asymmetrical about the equator in the tropical eastern Pacific, which suppresses, to some extent, the development of the double ITCZ in the model. Warm SST biases in the ITCZ north of the equator are more realistically reduced, too. But the equatorial cold tongue is strengthened and extends further westward, which reduces the precipitation rate in the western equatorial Pacific but increases it in the ITCZ north of the equator in the far eastern Pacific. It is demonstrated that the low-level cloud-radiation feedback would enhance the cooperative feedback between the equatorial cold tongue and the ITCZ. Based on surface layer heat budget analyses, it is demonstrated that the reduction of SSTs is attributed to both the thermodynamic cooling process modified by the increase of cloud fractions and the oceanic dynamical cooling processes associated with the strengthened surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but it is mainly attributed to oceanic dynamical cooling processes associated with the strengthening of surface wind in the central and western equatorial Pacific.     

General multidimensional cloud model and its application on spatial clustering in Zhanjiang,Guangdong

Traditional spatial clustering methods have the disadvantage of “hardware division“, and can not describe the physical characteristics of spatial entity effectively. In view of the above, this paper sets forth a general multi-dimensional cloud model, which describes the characteristics of spatial objects more reasonably according to the idea of non-homogeneous and non-symmetry. Based on infrastructures’ classification and demarcation in Zhanjiang, a detailed interpretation of clustering results is made from the spatial distribution of membership degree of clustering, the comparative study of Fuzzy C-means and a coupled analysis of residential land prices. General multi-dimensional cloud model reflects the integrated characteristics of spatial objects better, reveals the spatial distribution of potential information, and realizes spatial division more accurately in complex circumstances. However, due to the complexity of spatial interactions between geographical entities, the generation of cloud model is a specific and challenging task.     

基于雷达资料的增雨过程分析

应用天津WSR-81S雷达体积扫描资料和地面降水实况资料对2000年8月2日天津市武清区进行的一次雹云高炮人工增雨作业进行了分析。作业后从地面降水实况资料上看,在作业炮点的上游出现了大降水中心,表明人工增雨作业可以改变自然降水的原始分布,增加局部地区的降水。利用降水时段的雷达体积扫描资料分析表明:循环往复的爆炸作业使雷达回波的强度减弱、高度降低、移动速度减慢。由于迎着雹云的移动方向作业,造成上游地区降水较大,大于45 dBz的强回波滞留在作业炮点的上游。     

C-FMCW雷达对江淮降水云零度层亮带探测研究

不同于体扫雷达探测降水系统,垂直指向雷达可探测降水云中粒子垂直演变的微物理过程。C波段调频连续波垂直指向雷达 (C-FMCW) 采用收发分置天线,数据垂直分辨率达15~30 m,时间分辨率达2~3 s,利用其2013年6—8月在安徽定远探测数据对降水云垂直结构特征及亮带中融化微物理过程进行研究。6次降水过程共计46 h中的39.1%数据具有清晰的亮带结构特征,期间降水占地面总降水量的15%;江淮雨季层状云、对流云和混合性降水系统中均出现零度层亮带,层状云中亮带长时间维持,对流降水系统移出后减弱阶段的亮带结构稳定,混合降水系统中的对流扰动加强冲破了亮带结构。以融化层中最大回波强度Z_p所在高度进行融化层的粒子碰并增长和破碎减弱分层分析,上半层融化过程主要表现为碰并增长,下半层则是粒子破碎减弱。剔除了介电常数、下降速度引起的粒子浓度改变影响后,层状云和对流降水后期的回波强度加强表明融化增长程度接近,后者略强,混合降水云的融化增长最强。     

黄海对流云街数值模拟与敏感性试验

2015年11月25日黄海上空冷空气爆发,中国北部发生暴雪,西北东南向云街在黄海上空大面积密集分布。为研究垂直热输运的网格大小依赖性是否会对黄海对流云街数值模拟产生影响,本文利用WRF模式,分别采用考虑网格大小依赖性的边界层（PBL）参数化方案和基于非局部K理论闭合的YSU PBL方案对该个例进行数值模拟。结果表明两方案均能较好地再现云街出现区域和盛行风向。由于考虑网格大小依赖性的PBL方案模拟水平滚涡对流和次级环流的能力更强,所模拟的水平垂直速度强度更大,云水混合比更高,促进更多的云得以发展;同时其稳定性参数ζ更小,模拟的水平滚涡对流强度更大。     

河南春季一次层状冷云的微物理结构特征分析

利用2007年3月3日PMS粒子测量系统对河南层状云的探测资料,分析了云的微物理结构特征。结果表明,云垂直和水平分布不均匀特性很明显。在云的中上部,FSSP-100测量的小云粒子(云滴、冰晶)最大浓度为125个·cm~(-1),平均值为21.3个·cm~(-1),平均直径多在6～20μm。2D-C观测大云粒子(50d≤300μm)随高度上升浓度增多,浓度值变化在5.24～192个·L~(-1),平均直径为211μm。此层云中过冷液态水含量变化在0.035～0.118 g·m~(-3),随高度增加过冷液态水含量减少。在云的底部区域,观测到两个逆温层顶的下方分别存在有云水含量的峰值。由不同高度云粒子谱分析表明,在4046～4600 m高度层,粒子谱型有负指数型、单峰型、双峰型和多峰型;0℃层以下融化带内的粒子谱型多为负指数型;云的底部粒子谱型以负指数型和单峰型为主。     

主要卫星云气候数据集评述

自20世纪70年代气象卫星进入业务化观测以来,气象卫星已提供了40余年的观测数据。长时间序列的卫星数据为云气候研究提供了可能。基于长时间序列的卫星数据,构建云气候数据集会涉及诸如定标、反演算法、反演数据精度验证等方面。目前国际上也已生成了一系列的云气候数据集,如ISCCP,Patmos-x,CLARA和MODIS-ST等,这些数据集所选用的探测数据、反演算法不尽一致,数据集产品的时空属性各异。如何发挥极轨和静止气象卫星各自优势,融合两类卫星数据,形成高时间分辨率、质量稳定的长时间序列云气候数据集是未来需要解决的问题。     

Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere

During May-June of 1990 an extensive flight series to survey aerosol present in the upper-troposphere was undertaken aboard the NASA DC-8 as part of the CLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE). About 50,000 km were characterized between 8–12 km altitude and between 70°N and 58°S. Aerosol with diameters greater than 3nm were counted and sized with a combination of condensation nuclei counters and optical particle counters. Aerosol number and mass concentrations were separately identified with regard to both refractory and volatile components. Regions of the free-troposphere with the lowest mass concentrations were generally found to have the highest number concentrations and appeared to be effective regions for new particle production. These new particle concentrations appear inversely related to available aerosol surface area and their volatility suggests a sulfuric acid composition. The long lifetime of these new particles aloft can result in their growth to sizes effective as CN and CCN that can be mixed throughout the troposphere.     

基于SWAN雷达拼图产品在暴雨过程中的对流云降水识别及效果检验

本文基于SWAN雷达拼图产品,选取了组合反射率因子、组合反射率因子水平梯度、回波顶高及垂直累积液态水含量作为识别参数,采用模糊逻辑法对暴雨过程中的对流云与层状云降水进行了分类试验,对发生在重庆的12次区域性暴雨天气过程分类结果进行了验证。并以ADTD地闪资料作为对流云降水的实况观测数据,分别采用了四种不同半径的空间匹配与四种不同时间匹配方式对识别出的对流云降水产品进行了定量检验。检验结果显示:随着空间匹配半径的增大,正确率明显提高,而6 min地闪相对于6 min拼图产品提前6、3、0 min及滞后3 min四种时间匹配方式,其正确率变化很小。对于12次暴雨过程的总体评分较高,检验方法具有清楚的物理意义,在不同的时空匹配方式下的评分结果符合实际情况,同时说明对流云与层状云降水分类效果较好,也是对对流云降水识别定量检验的一次探索。