Chemical defenses against generalist fish predators and fouling organisms in two invasive ahermatypic corals in the genus Tubastraea

The introduction of exotic marine species has caused considerable economic and ecological damage around the world. Some of these species possess adaptations such as secondary metabolites which facilitate their successful invasion into new areas. In this study we tested two hypotheses: (i) crude extracts produced by two invasive hard corals Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis, introduced to the southwest Atlantic, inhibit predation by generalist fish; (ii) substances found in the crude extracts of both species reduce or enhance the settlement of other organisms. In an in situ palatability bioassay the extract of T. tagusensis reduced predation by generalist fish. The extracts of both species of coral showed species‐specific effects on fouling organisms in in situ gel plate bioassays. Control and extract plates had similar total cover, although plates with extracts had significantly fewer Cladophora sp., and Lithophyllum sp. was only detected on control gels. In contrast, a hydrozoan was only found on plates with extracts and overall community ordination demonstrated clear differences in the fouling communities between treatments. These results demonstrate that both coral species have chemical substances which can bring about a negative interaction with potential fish predators and competitors such as algal and invertebrate foulers and the advantage gained could explain their success in invading new regions to the detriment of local fauna and flora.     

东喜马拉雅构造结发现的富碳硼镁钛石:硼镁钛石的新亚种

在东喜马拉雅构造结火成碳酸岩脉中发现富碳硼镁钛石。晶体结构与化学成分分析表明,该矿物的分子式为(Mg1.30,Ti0.32,Fe0.30,Al0.10)2.02[(B0.51,C0.42)0.93O3]O。这提供了在[BO3]原子团中B可被其它元素替换的第一个实例,暗示该矿物可能形成于高温高压的环境下。     

新疆森林资源动态分析

1 M ethod ofsurvey and analysis1.1 Survey area and dataThe survey area am ounted to 1.647 m illion km 2,covering the w hole territory of X injiang.TheLandsat TM im age data obtained from rem ote sensing in w hole X injiang during the periods1995-1996 and …     

模式大气月尺度可预报性的对比研究

首先采用方差分析方法，研究了实际大气500 hPa高度场的月尺度可预报性，并进一步分析了不同空间尺度大气运动的可预报性及其对大气整体运动可预报性的影响；对ECMWF和国家气候中心T63谱模式分别模拟和预报的500 hPa高度场，也用同样的方法进行了研究。结果表明，欧洲中心和我国T63模式大气的可预报性均比实际大气可预报性小，特别是在对整体运动可预报性影响最大的0～3波部分，差异较大，说明改进模式对0～3波部分的预报能力，必将提高模式性能。     

The Dynamics of an Introduced: Balanus glandula Population in the Southwestern Atlantic Rocky Shores. The Consequences on the Intertidal Community*

Abstract. This paper deals with the population dynamics of the introduced barnacle Balanus glandula in a port shelter and a rocky shore exposed of a southwestern Atlantic area. Replicated areas in both zones were denuded monthly and censused in both the high intertidal and the upper mid intertidal zone. The settlement pattern. recruitment, mortality and growth of B. glandula and a comparative successional pattern in both areas were recorded. Recruitment began in winter, i.e., July in the port and August in the rocky shore. In the port, green algae dominate up to a final community of Balanus glandula all along the intertidal, while in rocky shores the red encrusting alga Hildenbrandia lecanellieri establishes a cover that is replaced by the mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezi in the mid intertidal and by B. glandula in the high intertidal and upper mid intertidal. B. glandula densities were greater in the upper mid intertidal 19 600 and 5050 indiv. · m^-2 in the port and rocky shore, respectively than in the high intertidal 13600 and 1100 indiv.· m^-2, respectively. Mortality was greater in the port up to 62%, but heavy settlement allows a final density 4 times greater than in eulittoral rocky shores and 10 times greater than in the high intertidal. The winter reproduction of Balanus glandula, the absence of predators, the neutral or beneficial effect of algae. with spatial and temporal partitioning of substrate allows it to successfully outcompete mussels and other barnacle species from the intertidal community of both sheltered and exposed areas.     

博览群图提升地质制图的科学技术水平

地质图件是地质工作成果的主要载体之一,是地质工作服务于经济社会发展的主要工具,又是体现一个国家地质研究程度、地质科学技术水平和社会文明程度的主要标志之一,历来受到各国政府和国际地学组织的高度重视.随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步,以及地质工作服务领域的扩大,近年来地质制图工作,包括制图数量、种类和技术方法,都获得了突...     

耐盐水稻地方品种的主要性状分析

通过对湛江地区水稻品种的耐盐性、品质性状及主要农艺性状进行分析,结果表明,"咸水禾”品种具有一定的耐盐性,可用1/5海水灌溉,但其耐盐性不高;灌溉水含盐量的高低,对株高和穗粒结构影响较大;3个品种的出糙率均偏低,外观品质较差.并指出增强抗盐性、提高品质应是目前改良耐盐水稻地方品种的主攻方向.     

Distribution,population size and conservation of the Cape gannet Morus capensis

The Cape gannet is endemic to the southern African coast where it currently breeds at six islands: Mercury, Ichaboe and Possession off South West Africa and Bird (Lambert's Bay), Malgas and Bird (Algoa Bay) off South Africa. Previously, breeding also occurred at Hollams Bird, Halifax and Seal (False Bay) Islands. Equivocal records for Marcus, Dassen and Dyer Islands are not accepted. Off South West Africa, gannets were breeding at Hollams Bird, Mercury and Ichaboe Islands at least as early as 1828, but they only occupied Halifax and Possession Islands sometime between that date and c. 1885, possibly as a result of displacement of gannets from Ichaboe Island during exploitation of accumulated guano deposits in the early 1840s. Gannets bred at Hollams Bird Island until at least 1938, but had ceased breeding at Halifax Island by 1928. Off South Africa the earliest records of breeding are 1648, 1687, 1755 and 1912 for Malgas, Seal (False Bay), Bird (Port Elizabeth) and Bird (Lambert's Bay) Islands respectively. Gannets have not been reported at Seal Island since the late 17th century. On the west coast of Africa the Cape gannet is a regular nonbreeding winter visitor as far north as 4°20′N 6°00′E, but west of 6°E it is rare. On the east coast of Africa it is a common winter visitor as far north as Delagoa Bay, but farther north it is rare. Within its normal range the Cape gannet seldom occurs farther off shore than 100 km; it hardly ever moves inland. Aerial censuses of Cape gannets at breeding islands in 1967, 1969, 1978, 1980 and 1981 are compared with an aerial census conducted in 1956 and other published estimates of abundance. Between 1956 and 1980 the estimated number of breeding pairs at all colonies decreased from c. 150 000 to c. 80 000 and numbers decreased at all three extant gannetries off South West Africa. These decreases are attributed to a greatly diminished food resource following the collapse of the South West African pilchard stock after the late 1960s. The number of gannets decreased at Bird (Lambert's Bay) and Malgas Islands between 1956 and the late 1960s but subsequently increased, trends that are related to performances of the Western Cape pilchard and anchovy resources respectively. At Bird Island (Algoa Bay) gannets were up to 3,5 times more abundant in the late 1970s than in 1956. Other marine resources located east of Cape Point have shown similar large increases in recent years. Rates of increase of gannets at islands off South Africa during the 1970s would have required an unrealistically high survival for the first year had other population parameters remained constant. It is possible that birds emigrated from the South West African Islands. Few gannets have been reported oiled, and conservation of the species seems to be mainly affected by greatly reduced prey availability and injudicious guano harvesting. Human exploitation of juvenile gannets off the West African coast is difficult to assess.     

地理距离对互联网社会中网络信息传播的影响

随着互联网技术的高速发展,地理距离在信息化时代下是否仍然起作用引起了争议,地理距离是否已死成为关系到地理学科安身立命的重大命题。本文选取两档具有代表性的综艺节目为例,基于网络上的节目百度指数测度节目的信息关注度,分析节目关注度的时空变化,检验地理距离对信息关注的影响。结果表明,在控制其他因素后,地理距离在网络信息传播与接收中仍然起到不可忽视的作用,即离播出地区距离越远,节目关注度越低,尤其在信息传播初期更为明显;随着时间的向后推移,地理距离的作用也在逐渐变弱。研究认为,即使在即时信息传播的互联网时代,包括地理距离在内的地理因素仍然至关重要。     

基准面变化幅度半定量分析技术及其应用

基准面是抽象的、非物理的、一个变化的势能面,其通过制约可容空间变化控制着地层的沉积与保存作用。湖相沉积受构造控制作用强,地震上超点法难以用来确定基准面的变化幅度。通过录井岩性资料中沉积物类型及其叠加特征可以反推相对可容空间的变化幅度。依据砂岩—泥岩旋回的厚度分布,选取丰度最高值区间的中值厚度或平均旋回厚度为统计区间,自目的层底部向顶部统计各区间内砂岩、泥岩厚度,计算泥岩百分含量,并赋以不同泥岩百分含量相应的基准面变化值,可半定量分析基准面变化幅度。应用该方法可明确不同地区可容空间的变化特征,识别转换面和划分基准面旋回,并分析基准面旋回变化对沉积相分配的控制作用。该方法在滨浅湖滩坝相砂、泥岩薄互层的基准面旋回划分和对比中应用,建立了高精度等时地层格架。