Network design for groundwater monitoring – a case study

 The applicability and usefulness of Geostatistics (kriging) as a tool for optimum selection of sites for monitoring groundwater levels has been demonstrated through a case study. The criterion used is the estimation of error variance. Groundwater level data (pre-monsoon 1994) obtained from 32 observation wells of Upper Kongal basin, Nalgonda District, A.P. (India) has been stochastically analyzed. The spatial distribution of water levels and its associated error variance is computed and the locations having maximum error variance are selected as additional sites for augmenting the existing observational well network. Received: 15 june 1998 · Accepted: 14 December 1998     

辽宁地区夏季高温极值预测模型

利用1957-2006年辽宁地区夏季23站极端最高气温资料和国家气候中心气候监测室的74项环流特征量资料,应用EOF方法对高温极值样本进行分解,研究辽宁极端高温的时空分布规律。结果表明：第一特征向量表现为区域整体一致的特征,中心区位于辽西北、辽北,第二、三特征向量空间分布表现为东西部反位相和南北反位相的特征。普查了前3个时间系数与前期环流指数的相关关系,认为前3个时间系数的显著影响因子是不同的。采用CSC准则确定最优预测因子,分别建立各时间系数的回归统计模型,并对高温极值历史拟合序列进行回报检验和预测检验。回报结果表明,各站的历史拟合率都保持在一定水平,但拟合率在辽西地区较差。各年的历史拟合率极不均衡,多数年份较为稳定,但个别年份拟合率较低。未来3 a试验性预测效果逐年下降,模型对未来1 a预测能力较好,可以作为业务预测的参考。     

Industrial arrangement of large-scale, non-grid-connected wind power industrial zones in coastal areas of China

Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge but an industrial problem as well.The objective of this study is to introduce a concept of large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power(LSNGCWP) industrial zones and establish an evaluation model to assess their industrial arrangement.The data of wind energy,industry,nature resources and socio-economy were collected in this study.Using spatial overlay analysis of geographic information system,this study proposes a spatial arrangement of the LSNGCWP indus-trial zones in the coastal areas of China,which could be summarized as the ’one line and three circles’ structure,which will contribute to the optimization of the industrial structure,advance the wind power technology,coordinate the multi-industrial cooperation,and upgrade the industrial transformation of China’s coastal areas.     

基于沿主光轴方向摄影立体像对的相对定向与核线排列

由于沿主光轴方向摄影立体像对的交会角小、精度低,在常规的、面向测图的摄影测量均不采用。然而在火星运载体“着落”时的定位,移动测图、隧道摄影测量,特别是行走机器人视觉等实际应用中都会出现沿主光轴方向拍摄的序列影像,对沿主光轴方向的前后视立体像对的摄影测量的基本问题:径向差、切向差(相当于常规摄影测量中的左右视差、上下视差);相对定向;核线的排列等进行讨论,并进行实验验证。     

试述经营策划中纳税款筹划的一般方法

通过经营内容选择法、经营方式选择法、经营安排法、投资筹划法等方面进行叙述和研究,根据我国现行税法的规定及企业税后利益最大化的要求,通过经营策划和纳税谋划,对未来纳税义务做出规划,旨在减少企业纳税负担和风险,促进企业利润及价值最大化。     

The amplitude of turbulent shear flow

A new formulation of the problem of the statistical stability of fully turbulent shear flow is proposed, in which one seeks mean fields that bound the observed flow from the stable side. In the spirit of maximum transport theory, this formulation admits a larger set of “flows” than are dynamically possible. A sequence of constraints derived from the equations of motion can narrow this set, permitting at each step the determination of a “most stable” field free of any empirical elements. Turbulent channel flow is proposed as the first application and test of this quantitative theory. Past deductive theories for this flow, from “mean field” to “transport upper bounds,” are assessed. It is shown why these theories do not retain the significant destabilizing mechanisms of the actual flow. The implications for turbulent flow of recent work on the nonlinear and three-dimensional instability of laminar shearing flow are described. In first exploration of the “decoupled mean” stability theory proposed here, approximate analytical and numerical stability methods are used to find an amplitude and structure for the averaged flow propoerties. The quantitative results differ by considerably less than two from the observed values, providing an incentive for a more complete numerical study and for further constraints on the admitted class of flows. In the language now current for nonlinear stability theory, evidence is advanced here that anN-dimensional central manifold is adjacent to the realized turbulent flow, whereN has the largest possible value compatible with the dynamical relations.     

MapGIS技术支持下的典型田块土方量计算及成图

土地平整工程是土地整理中最重要的组成部分之一,而土方量的计算则关系到土地平整的投资与预算,因而快速准确地计算土方量意义重大。本文以传统的方格网法计算土方量作为研究对象,利用MapGIS DTM分析模块中对数字高程模型的空间分析功能和Microsoft Excel方便的统计功能,从而实现土地平整中土方量的快速计算及自动成图。利用这种方法,自动提取特定点的高程,减小了由手工计算而带来的人为误差,在确保计算精度的情况下有效提高工作效率。     

立式废热回收装置在海上平台上的选型设计浅析

来自透平的尾气含有大量的热量,通过余热回收装置,可以将导热油加热,尾气温度降低,进而将导热油作为热源供给换热器等热用户.通过对机组可有效利用的余热功率进行估算,结合平台空间布置,对废热回收装置进行选型分析,并对整个排气系统进行背压校核,合理规划烟管布置,实现了对海洋平台透平发电机组废气余热的回收与利用.     

联合国气候变化框架公约下发展中国家的能力建设谈判回顾

增强发展中国家能力建设是全球应对气候变化的重要前提条件,而在联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)的谈判进程中,能力建设部分一直进展缓慢。自缔约方第7次会(COP7)上确定了发展中国家能力建设框架后,能力建设的机制建设一直没有取得实质性进展。在巴黎气候变化大会(COP21)上,缔约方一致通过了《巴黎协定》。《巴黎协定》首次授权通过执行附属机构(SBI)建立巴黎能力建设委员会(PCCB)。该委员会将全面协调对发展中国家能力建设的支持,同时监管2016-2020年的能力建设工作计划,全面系统地促进和增强发展中国家应对气候变化的能力建设活动。另外,《巴黎协定》还同意建立透明度能力建设倡议(CBIT)用以增强2020年前后的机制和技术能力。随后,全球环境基金(GEF)为该倡议成立了CBIT信托基金。至此,公约下能力建设议题已经建立了相对完整的国际机制。未来议题的谈判将走向务实与细节。随着全球应对气候变化迈向一个新阶段,中国在能力建设议题的谈判上也应做相应的调整。     

网箱养殖渔业保险制度对生产者决策之影响

海上网箱养殖是我国未来渔业发展的重要方向之一,但由于其容易遭受自然灾害及环境变化之影响,使其具有高经营风险及高养殖成本之特征,致使其现有经营规模及产量均无法与先进国家的网箱养殖产业竞争,亟须一套符合产业特性及需求的保险制度有其必要性与紧迫性。国内研究认为,保险制度可以降低生产者所面临的生产不确定性及减轻风险所造成之损失,使其能安心从事生产及稳定所得。文章主要通过相关的经济理论与实证方法探讨保险制度之采纳对网箱养殖生产者决策之影响及政策含义。研究表明,不论何种风险态度(风险中立者除外),在90%之保险水平对生产者决策之影响高于70%之保险水平所造成的影响;而在既定的保险水平下,风险回避性生产者受保险制度影响最大。