Highlights of fifty years of atmospheric aerosol research at Mace Head

This paper summarises the development and principal results of fifty years of research on aerosols in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland. It concentrates on the sources, physico-chemical properties, number and mass concentrations, size range, volatility and chemical composition of aerosols in different air masses. It also examines optical properties of the aerosols and their long-range transport.     

GPON光纤技术在山东地震信息网络中的应用

简要介绍了山东省地震行业信息系统的组成和功能,以及新建系统的项目背景、建设需求。介绍了光纤通信的发展历程,Epon和Gpon技术的基本原理及优、缺点和采用光纤组网的技术优势,以及结合山东省地震局信息系统实际和今后业务的发展规划。同时考虑了如何设计、技术思路和实施方案,以使该设计思路和方案最大程度的发挥优势。     

Optical scattering processes observed at the Moon: Predictions for the LADEE Ultraviolet Spectrometer

The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft will orbit the Moon at an altitude of ≈50 km with a payload that includes the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) instrument, which will obtain high spectral resolution measurements at near-ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (≈231-826 nm). When LADEE/UVS observes the lunar limb from within the shadow of the Moon it is anticipated that it will detect a lunar horizon glow (LHG) due to sunlight scattered from submicron exospheric dust, as well as emission lines from exospheric gases (particularly sodium), in the presence of the bright coronal and zodiacal light (CZL) background. A modularized code has been developed at NMSU for simulations of scattered light sources as observed by orbiting instruments in lunar shadow. Predictions for the LADEE UVS and star tracker cameras indicate that LHG, sodium (Na) emission lines, and CZL can be distinguished based on spatial morphology and spectral characteristics, with LHG dominant at blue wavelengths (∼250-450 nm) and small tangent heights. If present, LHG should be readily detected by LADEE/UVS and distinguishable from other sources of optical scattering. Observations from UVS and the other instruments aboard LADEE will significantly advance our understanding of how the Moon interacts with the surrounding space environment; these new insights will be applicable to the many other airless bodies in the solar system.     

Crystal chemistry of ferric iron in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O<Subscript>3</Subscript> majorite with implications for the transition zone

Fifteen samples of (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite with varying Fe/Mg composition and one sample of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite were synthesized at high pressure and temperature under different conditions of oxygen fugacity using a multianvil press, and examined ex situ using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. The relative concentration of Fe³⁺ increases both with total iron content and increasing oxygen fugacity, but not with Al concentration. Optical absorption spectra indicate the presence of Fe²⁺–Fe³⁺ charge transfer, where band intensity increases with increasing Fe³⁺ concentration. Mössbauer data were used in conjunction with electron microprobe analyses to determine the site distribution of all cations. Both Al and Fe³⁺ substitute on the octahedral site, and charge balance occurs through the removal of Si. The degree of Mg/Si ordering on the octahedral sites in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite, which affects both the c/a ratio and the unit cell volume, is influenced by the thermal history of the sample. The Fe³⁺ concentration of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite in the mantle will reflect prevailing redox conditions, which are believed to be relatively reducing in the transition zone. Exchange of material across the transition boundary to (Mg,Fe) (Si,Al)O₃ perovskite would then require a mechanism to oxidize sufficient iron to satisfy crystal-chemical requirements of the lower-mantle perovskite phase.     

Geochemical characterization, correlation, and optical dating of tephra in alluvial sequences of central western Argentina

The synthesis of paleoclimatic archives provided by loess and alluvial sequences of central Argentina has been hindered by the lack of a cohesive lithostratigraphic framework extending across the Chaco-Pampean plains and catchments of the Rios Desaguadero, Colorado, and Negro. This condition originates in part from the dearth of absolute chronological controls. The occurrence of discrete tephra layers across this region may provide an opportunity to address this deficiency if a tephrochronological framework can be established. The potential of such a project is assessed within the context of a pilot study constrained within alluvial sequences of central western Argentina proximal to potential source vents in the Southern Volcanic Zone. The intersite discrimination and correlation of tephra layers on a geochemical basis is examined, with indirect chronological control for the eruption of each generated by optical dating. Alluvial sediments on either side of each of five tephra units at a type site were dated using the optically stimulated luminescence of fine-silt-sized quartz, thus providing an age control on each tephra (ca. 24,000, 30,000, 32,000, 39,000, and 48,000 yr). The geochemical composition of each tephra was derived. Using these data, tephra layers at other sites in the study area were geochemically analyzed and, in instances of statistical concordance in major oxide structure, correlated to the type site and therefore ascribed ages. This methodology identified a further sixth volcanic event between ca. 24,000 and 30,000 yr not registered by type-site tephras. The extension of this initial tephrochronological framework beyond the alluvial sequences of central western Argentina is encouraged by the occurrence of geochemically distinct tephra verified and dated in this study.     

PMOE精密行星历表研究进展

本文扼要介绍了PMOE行星历表研究当前的进展和工作 ,给出了PMOE2 0 0 2与DE40 5历表的比较。     

Coordination and valent state of nickel ions in beryl and chrysoberyl crystals

We have studied the polarized optical absorption and the EPR spectra of Ni-doped beryls grown by hydrothermal, flux and gas-transport methods, and chrysoberyl grown by the Czochralski and flux methods. In beryls, three groups of bands belonging to three various Ni centres were distinguished by analysis of the absorption band intensities. The first group, bands with maximums at 21740 (E ⊥ c), 17240 (E || c) and 9260 (E ⊥ + || c), 7140 (E || + ⊥ c) cm⁻¹, are due to Ni³⁺ in octahedral Al³⁺ site. The second group is bands at 25640 (E ⊥ c), 22220 (E || c) and 13520 (E || + ⊥ c), 13160 (E ⊥+ || c) cm⁻¹ and 8930 (E ⊥ + || c), 7460 (E || c) cm⁻¹, which are caused by Ni²⁺ in octahedral Al³⁺ site. Weak wide bands at 17540 (E ⊥ c), 15500 (E || c) cm⁻¹ and 6580 (E || + ⊥ c), 5950 (E || c) cm⁻¹ are related to Ni²⁺ in tetrahedral Be²⁺ site. The occurrence of Ni ions in Be²⁺ site is proved by the EPR spectra of ^1VNi⁺ in γ-irradiated samples. According to the spectra of optical absorption of Ni-doped chrysoberyl, two types of Ni centres have been established: Ni³⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions in octahedral Al³⁺ sites. From the EPR spectra of the X-ray irradiated crystals BeAl₂O₄: Ni, it follows that 68% of Ni⁺ ions occupy octahedral Al³⁺ sites with mirror symmetry and 32% are in Al³⁺ sites with inversion symmetry. In the approximation of trigonal field with regard to Trees correction, the energy levels of Ni³⁺ and Ni²⁺ have been calculated in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. There is good agreement between the obtained experimental and calculated data. The polarization dependence of the optical absorption bands is well explained in terms of the spin–orbit interaction.     

云微物理特性对云光学和云辐射性质的影响

根据辐射传输理论，计算了不同云滴谱分布时的云光学参数βe，ωo和g，考察了这些光学参数的变化对云的反射率、透过率和吸收率的影响，以及云滴谱分布和云水含量在垂直方向的不均匀对云整体辐射性质、云中辐射通量密度和加热率的影响。     

卫星遥感估测土壤水分的一种方法

对于植被影响土壤水分遥感的大小 ,提出了“光学植被盖度”新概念来衡量 ,并用遥感法进行估测。用分解象元法排除植被干扰来提取土壤水分光谱信息。采用土壤水分光谱法并借助回归分析建立土壤水分遥感的TM数据模型。以此为桥梁 ,建立了AVHRR数据模型     

Integrated Sensible Heat Flux Measurements of a Two-Surface Composite Landscape using Scintillometry

The potential of the LAS (large aperture scintillometry) method for measuring sensible heat flux (H) directly integrated over a two-field composite surface is evaluated. We describe a field experiment performed within the Alpilles/ReSeDa project in the south-east of France over a composite surface made up of wheat and bare soil (451 and 216 m long respectively) using two 0.15-m diameter scintillometers mounted at heights of 2.05 and 4.54 m. When compared against reference values obtained by the eddy correlation technique, LAS-measured sensible heat flux reveals a systematic overestimation of about 10%. A simple model describing the integration of the scintillometer signal along the beam for a two-field composite surface is described. A simulation of the experiment confirms that the bias observed isrelated to non-linearities in the integration process in relation with thebell-shape sensitivity curve of the instrument to the structure parameter for the refractive index it measures. The model is used to test the sensitivity of the LAS-derived H values to the composition of the pathlength (ratio of both surfaces) and to the contrast in sensible heat flux and roughness length between the two fields. Sensitivity tests to the aggregation scheme for roughness length (two of them are tested) and to the measurement height are also presented. The composition of the surface in combination with the contrast in sensible heat flux (in direct relation with the contrast in latent heat flux) explains most of the bias, with possible deviations ranging from -50 up to 80 W m^-2. A tentative semi-empirical method for correcting the bias is suggested, which only requires a crude estimate of the contrast in component sensible heat fluxes along the pathlength.