Variations in the starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China, 1736–2010

The starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season during historical times （1736- 1911） in Fuzhou and Guangzhou of South China, were determined and reconstructed on the basis of historical documents in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun archive, together with observed features of precipitation during the pre-summer rainy season. In addition, starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season from 1953 in Fuzhou and from 1952 in Guangzhou were reconstructed for the instrumental period. These data allowed for analyses of inter-annual and inter-decadal changes in the starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season in South China over the past 300 years. Results show that the mean starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China was the first pentad of May; in addition, periodicities in the starting dates of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 40 years were detected during the period 1736-1911, and of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 22 years during the instrumental period. From 1736 to 1911, the earliest starting dates at Fuzhou and Guangzhou both occurred at the fourth pentad of April, while the latest starting dates were at the sixth pentad of May in Fuzhou and the first pentad of June in Guangzhou. During the instrumental period, the earliest and latest starting dates were at the fourth pentad of April and the first pentad of June, respectively, in both Fuzhou during 1953-2010 and Guangzhou during 1952-2010. The maximum difference between neighboring decades during 1736-1911 was 2.2 and 1.6 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively, and during the instrumental period it was 2.5 and 2.4 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively.     

Multi-Scale Physical Season Onset Statistic Prediction Date in Guangdong Model for Rain Province

采用小波分析、Lanczos滤波器、相关分析、最优子集回归和交叉检验等方法,研究了广东开汛日期的多尺度变化特征及其与全球不同地区前期海温场、500hPa高度场的关系,建立了广东开汛日期的多尺度最优子集回归预测模型并进行了检验。结果表明,广东开汛日期存在显著的准6年和较明显的准17年周期振荡。广东开汛日期在年际和年代际变化尺度上与前冬海温场和500hPa高度场上共有20个显著相关区域,分别取对应时间尺度上显著相关区域的平均值作为预报因子,对相应时间尺度的广东开汛日期做最优子集回归,建立了相应的预测模型,以年际和年代际尺度上的预测值之和为广东开汛日期的预测值。所建立的预测模型具有较好的拟合效果,其中拟合值与实况值相差在5天以内的事件命中率为41．5％,i0天以内的为60．4％。1951-2010年的交叉检验结果表明,广东开汛日期预测值和实况值之间的相关系数为0．33,通过了α-0．Ol的显著性水平检验。预测值与实况值相差在5天以内的事件命中率为26．7％,10天以内的为45．0％,因此,所建立的多尺度最优子集回归预测模型对广东开汛日期具有较好的预测能力。     

2002年南海季风爆发前后西沙海区海-气通量交换及其变化

利用2002年4月24日至6月20日在西沙海区进行的第三次南海海-气通量观测试验资料,采用涡相关法和TOGA COARE25b版本通量计算方案,计算了西南季风爆发前后海洋-大气间的通量交换,讨论了辐射、动量、感热通量、潜热通量、海洋热量净收支的时间变化特征及其与气象要素变化的关系.结果表明：西南季风爆发前后,太阳短波辐射、海面净辐射、潜热通量和海洋热量净收支变化特别强烈;通量变化受不同环境要素的影响：感热通量与海-气温差呈正相关关系,与气温呈明显的负相关关系.潜热通量与风速、海-气温差及海面水温均有正相关关系,其中与风速的关系最密切.动量通量（τ）主要随风速变化,它与风速（V）的关系可以表示为τ=000185V2-000559V+001248.     

Mixed mode fracture analysis of semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen: A numerical study based on extended finite element method

Previous studies are mainly concentrated on the use of the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen for determining the entire mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness of rock, while less attention has been paid to its mixed-mode fracture process. In this situation, this study investigated mixed-mode fracture behavior of the SCB specimen using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The crack growth trajectory, crack initiation angle and onset of fracture were discussed in detail. This paper is expected to provide a better understanding of mixed-mode fracture process of the SCB specimen occurring during fracture initiation and propagation.     

空间数据集成中异源性问题探讨

地理信息系统空间数据的异源性问题是当前系统应用普遍存在的问题。如何解决异源性问题在集成应用中的语义、编码的统一性和正确性是地理信息描述的关键。本文对目前跨行业地理信息异源空间数据集成在各行业中的应用现状进行了对比分析,并试图引入“中间库”等思想,对实现地理信息平台搭建过程中实际存在的空间异源数据集成问题做了初步探讨。     

A synoptic-climatic study of the onset of southwest monsoon over Mumbai

Surface and upper air synoptic features prevailing at the time of onset of southwest monsoon over Mumbai have been examined for a period of 50 years from 1947 to 1996. These synoptic situations have been found to fall under three broad categories. The study shows that on about 66% of the occasions, the onset of monsoon over Mumbai is caused by low pressure area forming over southeast and east central Arabian Sea as they move northwards, while on 28% of the occasions, the onset is due to the low pressure systems forming over northwest/head Bay of Bengal and their movement towards northwest/west northwest. Based on the findings of the study and the climatological aspects, a criterion for declaring onset over Mumbai has been suggested.     

Medium Range Prediction of Summer Monsoon Activities over India vis-a-vis Their Correspondence with the Observational Features

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中国热带气旋的时间活动性研究

根据热带气旋的年内活动性,用新提出的等密图分析法来表示其年内出现机会最多的日期（频发期）和强度（频发值）;根据热带气旋的年际活动性,用描述自然现象状态转移规律的马尔可夫链预测模型来分析其活动趋势,结果是比较理想的,可以为热带气旋预测提供一定的理论依据。     

东亚扇区中低纬地区电离层暴的统计分析

用1957~2006年间515个主相单步发展的磁暴事件,分析东亚扇区4个中低纬台站的电离层扰动类型及电离层暴开始时间,得到该地区电离层暴随纬度、季节和地方时的分布规律.研究表明,中纬区负暴明显,低纬区正暴明显;夏季负暴比正暴多,冬季正暴比负暴多,春秋季正负暴分布表现出明显的纬度差异.在东亚扇区,中纬区负暴开始时间主要分布在夜间及清晨时段,且在正午至午后时段极少发生.低纬区正暴开始时间主要发生在白天时段,且在夜间18~21 LT时段也易发生正暴.中低纬电离层正相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以内,负相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以上,且中纬区延迟时间明显比低纬区短.电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴主相开始时间对应的地方时很相关,正相暴对白天发生的磁暴比对晚上发生的磁暴响应快些,而负相暴正好相反.但电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴强度之间并没有十分明显的依赖关系.     

对大连历年汛期起止日期的客观判定

根据大连市 195 1～ 1998年的逐日降水量资料 ,应用扫描 t检验方法对每年入汛期和出汛期进行了判定和分析 ,并与目前使用的经验方法划定的日期作了比较。结果表明 ,t检验方法能更客观、准确地判定汛期的开始日期和结束日期。