廊桥立面测量方法研究

利用免棱镜测绘技术测量廊桥立面,通过测站改正、互换数据列等方法编辑处理,使假定坐标系下三维坐标数据转换成实用正立面数据,达到直接展点绘图目的。经点位精度分析,得出此种方法满足廊桥立面测量的精度要求。     

河南新郑枣区土壤地球化学研究

对比研究了地球化学景观环境、第四系、成土母质和土壤等的地球化学特征与新郑枣品质和产量的关系。研究表明,覆砂的岗丘是优质新郑枣适生的地球化学环境。典型的地质背景、第四系沉积物组构、成土母质和土壤等综合生态地球化学要素影响了新郑枣的品质和产量。区内中上更新统中发育古土壤层,是枣树生产期有益元素聚集的地球化学障和潜藏的有益元素的地球化学库,在某种程度上决定了枣的品质和产量。本区土壤和土体中多种有益营养元素含量偏低,处于缺乏状态。     

基于MODIS的2006-2016年西藏生态质量综合评价及其时空变化

针对缺少基于遥感数据产品的西藏地区植被生态参数筛选及综合评价的研究现状,以2006年和2016年西藏地区MODIS卫星遥感产品反演得到的植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、植被总初级生产力、区域热度与改进的湿度5项指标为基础,提出了基于主成分分析法的西藏植被生态环境质量评价方法,并探索了其时空变化规律及机理。结果表明：① 西藏地区植被生态质量整体较为脆弱,且区域差异明显,呈现东南优、西北差的分布格局。② 2006-2016年间西藏地区植被生态质量总体呈现变好的趋势。在时间序列上,2006-2016年间改善、退化的区域占比分别为31.88%和4.13%;在空间分布上,变好的区域分布在西北、中部和东部,变差的区域集中在东南部。③ 水热状况改善特别是降水量的增加和人为保护政策使得研究区西部和中部地区生态质量有所提高。社会经济活动加强是研究区东南部生态质量变差的主要原因。     

植物始花期对气候变化响应的激素调控机理研究进展

植物物候对气候变化的响应非常敏感,是指示全球变化对生态系统影响的重要证据。其中植物花期变化影响植物繁殖与进化,具有重要意义。大量研究表明,随着全球气候变暖,北半球植物始花期普遍提前。而关于气候变暖对植物始花期影响的内在机理并没有明确解释。植物激素是植物体内对植物开花等生理活动有显著调控作用的有机物,可对环境刺激作出响应并直接参与调控植物始花期,导致始花期的提前或延后。对植物激素在植物中表达与变化的精确测定有助于了解植物始花期对气候变化响应的内在机理。论文综述了植物激素对植物开花时间的调控作用以及目前植物激素最先进的检测方法,探讨了植物激素及相关代谢产物在植物体内的含量变化对植物始花期的影响;提出通过植物激素研究植物始花期对气候变化响应的激素调控机理,为探索植物物候对气候变化响应提供新的研究思路与手段。     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅱ青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热加热的作用

本文是系列文章的第二篇,首先分析了１９８９年亚洲夏季风爆发时期青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热通量和大气温度场季节变化的基本特征,着重讨论了春季高原地表感热加热和亚洲季风爆发的联系,然后分析了１９８０～１９８９年１０ａ南海季风爆发的气候学特征。上述工作表明,在春末初夏过渡季节,高原上空大气温度变化出现阶段性的跃升,并同亚洲夏季风阶段性的爆发有很好的对应关系。高原地表感热通量的持续增大导致了对流层高层局地反气旋式扰动环流的出现,使南亚反气旋北进的过程明显受到高原局地热力环流的调制,而热带东风急流入口区所产生的强烈的高层辐散,提供了有利于热带季风对流在南海地区首先爆发的动力学条件。此外,从５月份至６月中下旬,青藏高原、伊朗—阿富汗上空强大暖中心相继建立的结果,直接导致了热带地区上空大气南北温度梯度的反向依次在南海—孟加拉湾东部和阿拉伯海—印度次大陆由东向西相继建立,从而决定了亚洲季风建立的过程在不同地区爆发的时间不同。     

When to conduct an isotopic survey for lake water balance evaluation in highly seasonal climates

One‐time or short‐term lake water isotopic surveys are often employed to evaluate regional lake water balance. However, it can be difficult to determine the optimal time‐window for sampling to obtain a representative long‐term perspective of lake water balance in settings influenced by seasonal variations in precipitation, evaporative loss, glacial/snow meltwater, and larger seasonal shifts in isotopic composition of precipitation. This is especially true for areas of the Tibetan Plateau that are influenced by the summer Indian monsoon. Although high‐frequency sampling is always preferred as the most rigorous approach to characterize the water budget of lakes or watersheds, this may be impractical in remote regions and over large spatial scales. To assess the potential sensitivity of isotope balance characterization to seasonal variability, we used a weekly lake water isotope data set acquired over a period of 3 years on the Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the potential inaccuracies that might have arisen from using isotopic data collected during narrower time‐windows. For this assessment, we use weekly isotopic data collected during the study and assume that these sampling events were stand‐alone one‐time surveys. We then demonstrate the sensitivity of the isotope balance method in this setting, particularly for the rainy season that significantly underestimated the evaporation/inflow. In contrast, isotopic composition of the lake water was found to be more representative of long‐term conditions when sampled in October on the Tibetan Plateau. To broaden our evaluation of seasonality effects over a range of climatic zones, published high‐frequency isotopic data were also compiled, and a similar assessment was carried out for selected regions of the world. The synthesized data and model outputs, which confirm pronounced variations in lake water isotopic composition and evaporation/inflow across a range of seasonal climates, were used to determine optimal sampling windows for these specific regions.     

云南雨季开始期与5月雨量的TBB特征

利用17年卫星TBB及云南雨量资料,研究了热带TBB演变与云南雨季开始期及5月雨量的关系。结果表明:当孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃的主对流云云涌稳定通过20°N,TBB≤-20℃强对流区北移到18°N附近,而且TBB≤-5℃区稳定控制云南时,云南大部分地区雨季开始。云南5月少雨年,孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃位置偏南且为正距平区控制,云南为TBB正距平区,对流活动偏弱;云南5月多雨年,上述地区的TBB场分布特征则反之。同时还提出了利用TBB资料跟踪预测云南雨季开始期的方法。     

1957~2016年中国农业界限温度时空变化研究

利用中国830个气象站点1957~2016年地面气象观测资料,采用五日滑动平均法和GIS方法确定了近60 a农业界限温度（0℃、5℃、10℃）的初终日期和持续日数,并比较分析1957~1986年和1987~2016年2个时段的≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃农业界限温度的初终日期和持续日数的变化情况。结果表明：与1957~1986年相比,1987~2016年中国农业界限温度（0℃、5℃、10℃）的总体变化规律基本一致,即初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数增加,各地区变化幅度不同,东北、华北和青藏高原地区变化幅度最大。中国各界限温度的终日变化幅度均较小,初日和持续日数变化较大。≥0℃初日在东北北部和青藏高原地区分别提前3~9 d和3~15 d,持续日数在东北和华北部分地区分别增加3~15 d和2~18 d,青藏高原部分地区增加4~16 d;≥5℃初日在东北和华中地区分别提前4~9 d和6~13 d,持续日数在东北、华北部分地区分别增加4~13 d和2~14 d,青藏高原地区增加2~23 d;≥10℃初日在东北和青藏高原地区分别提前2~9 d和2~13 d,持续日数在东北和青藏高原地区变化最为显著,分别增加3~15 d和5~25 d。农业界限温度的初终日期和持续日数变化,使作物生育期延长和种植界线北移。     

Temporal characteristics of the Indian southwest monsoon

In this study, we elucidate the temporal characteristics of the onset and withdrawal of the Indian southwest monsoon, making use of the model integration and daily analyses of the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, India. The onset of the Indian southwest monsoon over the Bay of Bengal is discernable by a gradual increase in the adiabatic generation of kinetic energy, while over the Arabian Sea it is first noticeable by a steep and abrupt increase of generation. The horizontal transport of heat indicates a convergence regime over the Bay of Bengal prior to onset, while over the Arabian Sea a convergence regime is indicated by a change from the divergence to the convergence regime. The withdrawal of the southwest monsoon is characterized by the horizontal transport of heat and moisture that evince a transition from the convergence to divergence regime; similarly, diabatic heating noticed during the active period changes to cooling. The withdrawal over the Arabian Sea is characterized by the divergence regime of the horizontal transport of moisture. This change precedes even the circulation changes over northwest India, which may be regarded as a precursor. The withdrawal is further supported by a monotonic decrease in the net tropospheric moisture over the Arabian Sea, followed by a similar change at land locations.     

台湾大青枣在钦州种植的气象条件分析

通过对台湾大青枣的生物特性及其气象条件进行分析，并指出影响其果品品质的主要气象因素及应对措施。