天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环:观测结果和数值试验

通过观测研究证实了天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环是频散和非频散之间的转换过程。除此之外，进行了一个数值试验，发现天气尺度波似乎对阻塞的形成和支配作用，而地形似乎起位相锁相的作用。同时可以发现天气尺度波在阻塞的产生过程中分裂成两支。这些结果支持了我们所得到的观测结果。     

亚欧中纬度关键区正位势高度距平场配置与中国冬季区域性极端低温事件的联系

基于中国地面台站观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,研究了欧亚中纬度500 hPa高度场关键区正异常配置及其与中国冬季区域性极端低温事件(Regional Extreme Low Temperature Events, RELTE)的联系。结果表明,发生RELTE时乌拉尔山(简称乌山)、贝加尔湖(简称贝湖)和雅库茨克—鄂科斯克海(简称雅鄂)附近的某一区域出现高度场正异常的概率为0.83,即欧亚关键区500 hPa正高度距平场的相互匹配是形成RELTE的直接原因。在此基础上,将三个关键区域高度场异常配置分为7种类型:乌山型、贝湖型、雅鄂型、乌山—贝湖型、乌山—贝湖—雅鄂型、乌山—雅鄂型、贝湖—雅鄂型。不同类型异常模态对应的RELTE在空间分布、持续时间和强度等各有差异,如:乌山型对应RELTE以全国型为主,平均持续天数达14.2天;乌山—雅鄂型对应的RELTE以东北—华北型为主,事件平均持续天数为14.1天。此外,不同类型的异常配置均对应有超前于RELTE的前期特征,平均超前时间为1~8天不等。超前天数的空间分布、高度场异常的时间演化,进一步揭示了乌山以西和雅鄂以东两个方向高度场异常的发展并形成多种环流异常模态的过程,也验证了RELTE存在前期信号的可能性。     

On the Blocking Flow Patterns in the Euro–Atlantic Sector:A Simple Model Study

The flow patterns of Euro-Atlantic blocking events in winter are investigated by dividing the sector into three sub- regions： 60°-30°W （Greenland region）; 20°W-30°E [eastern Atlantic-Europe （EAE） region]; and 50°-90°E （Ural region）. It is shown that blocking events in winter are extremely frequent in the three sub-regions. Composite 500-mb geopotential height fields for intense and long-lived blocking events demonstrate that the blocking fields over Greenland and Ural regions exhibit southwest-northeast （SW-NE） and southeast-northwest （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type patterns, respectively, while the composite field over the EAE region exhibits an Ω-type pattern. The type of composite blocking pattern seems to be related to the position of the blocking region relative to the positive center of the climatological stationary wave （CSW） anomaly existing near 10°W.
The physical cause of why there are different composite blocking types in the three sub-regions is identified using a nonlinear multiscale interaction model. It is found that when the blocking event is in almost the same position as the positive CSW anomaly, the planetary-scale field can exhibit an Ω-type pattern due to the enhanced positive CSW anomaly. Neverthe- less, a SW-NE （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type block can occur due to the reduced positive CSW anomaly as it is farther in the west （east） of the positive CSW anomaly. The total fields of blocking in the three regions may exhibit a meandering flow comprised of several isolated anticyclonic and cyclonic vortices, which resembles the Berggren-Bolin-Rossby meandering jet type.     

北大西洋涛动指数变化与北半球冬季阻塞活动

线性回归分析表明北大西洋涛动(NAO)主要与大西洋、欧洲及乌拉尔山地区阻塞的频率和强度的变化存在显著相关关系.在NAO负位相时期阻塞活动在大西洋地区较为频繁且强度较强,正位相时期大西洋地区阻塞活动减少,强度减弱,而欧洲阻塞加强,频率增加,同时乌拉尔山地区的阻塞活动也显著减少.NAO正指数的增强和减弱对应于大西洋和欧洲阻...     

Numerical Study of Ural Blocking High’s Effect Upon Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation and East China Flood and Drought

In terms of Kuo-Qian p-sigma incorporated coordinate five-level primitive equation spheric band (70oN-30oS) model with the Ural high’s effect introduced into it as initial and boundary conditions, study is made of the high’s in-fluence on Asian summer monsoon circulation and dryness / wetness, of eastern China bated on case contrast and control experiments. Results show that as an excitation source, the blocking high produces a SE-NW stationary wavetrain with its upper-air atnicyclonic divergent circulation (just over a lower-level trough zone) precisely over the middle to lower reaches of the Changjiang River, enhancing East Asian westerly jet, a situation that contributes to perturbation growth, causing an additional secondary meridional circulation at the jet entrance, which intensifies the updraft in the monsoon area. As such, the high’s presence and its excited steady wavetrain represent the large-scale key factors and acting mechanisms for the rainstorm over the Chamgjiang-Huaihe River catchment in the eastern part of the land.     

常州雷灾分布特征及风险区划

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果.结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低.环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段.对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间.另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号.     

土-水特征曲线滞后阻塞模型

基于Young-Laplace方程利用土-水特征曲线估算孔隙分布,借鉴非饱和渗流统计模型,建立了土-水特征曲线的滞后模型。在某一基质吸力下对应的毛细半径上限的毛细水对更大孔隙半径的毛细水具有阻塞作用,阻塞概率与孔隙分布函数直接相关。孔隙分布函数自身属性体现了土体孔隙空间分布的非均匀性。该模型显示：在高基质吸力与低基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线趋近相等;中等基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线饱和度高于吸湿曲线饱和度,两者的差值存在一个明显的峰值。并采用实例验证了该模型的可靠性,发现该模型对中、细粒土预测效果较好,而砂类土因孔隙分布不符合假设,导致存在较大误差。对于砂类土等特征尺寸较大的土质,引入阻塞概率修正系数,发现最佳修正系数与土-水特征曲线半对数坐标下的土-水特征曲线最大斜率呈反比例关系。     

WAVE-MEAN FLOW INTERACTION AND FORMATION OF BLOCKING——PERSISTENT ANOMALOUS WEATHER IN CHINA IN THE SUMMER OF 1980

In the summer of 1980,serious persistent abnormal weather occurred over vast areas in China.While record-break-ing cold and flood were observed in the reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers,severe hot wave and drought dom-inated the entire northern China.The long-lasting disastrous weather is mainly due to the stable development and main-tenance of blocking anticyclone over the northeastern Asia.This study aims at the understanding of the roles oftime-varying weather system transport in the formation of the blocking.It was shown that during this period,there appeared continuous generation of synoptic-scale perturbations alongthe strong baroclinic zone over Europe and the western Asia.While such perturbations propagated eastward,energyconversion occurred.At equivalent barotropic layer,with weak dissipation,such energy conversion was subjected to theso-called bi-directional principle:while the energy of the synoptic-scale system cascaded to smaller scale system,amuch larger portion was transferred to the blocking system with larger scale.Potential vorticity diagnoses also revealedthat the transient weather systems played the roles of maintaining the mean anticyclonic vorticity to the south,and meancyclonic vorticity to the north,of the westerly jet,and exciting strong anticyclonic vorticity growth and correspondinggeopotential height increase in high latitude area downstream of the westerly diffluence region.The research also showed that,the intensity of the forcing of the blocking formation via wave-mean flowinteraction in this Asian case was much stronger than that occurring in the western Europe in the summer of 1976.It wastherefore concluded that when persistent abnormal weather in the northern China was studied,in addition to thesubtropical weather systems,attention should also be drawn to the development of baroclinic zone over Europe and thewestern Asia,and the propagation and transfer properties of the synoptic systems embedded in the baroclinic zone.     

Strong Tidal Mixing and Ventilation of Cold Intermediate Water at Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk

Tidal mixing at the Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk, has been investigated using observations of bottom pressure and currents. The tides are dominated by the diurnal constituents. The water motion over the Bank is predominantly controlled by strong diurnal tidal currents, which bring cold water on the bank from its source, a cold intermediate layer. The temperature fluctuations are about 1.2°C at the southern edge of the bank. The maximum observed velocity is about 164 cm/s at the top of the bank. A superposition of the original diurnal constituents K₁ and O₁ reveals a strong fortnightly (M_f) variability of the current speed. Tidal-induced mixing is responsible for ventilation of the cold intermediate layer of the Sea of Okhotsk. Strong tidal mixing creates a well-defined tidally mixed front around the bank. This front acts like a barrier separating well-mixed water on the bank from stratified water on its flanks. There is a residual current of the order of 10 cm/s.     

用于数字化气体观测的脱气-集气装置研制与应用

介绍用于地震地下流体台站数字化气氡、气汞等气体观测中的脱气-集气装置的研究.该装置采用流体溅射的负压脱气原理,可以有效地将自流井地下水中的气体脱析出来,在脱气过程中,可实现对装置的喷射嘴堵塞等清理的功能.